A chemical shield against malaria

A study led by a Spanish science shows that the administration of two drugs already available in Africa reduced by one third cases of the disease in children



Until 1964, the World Health Organization (WHO) not declared eradicated malaria in Spain. Perhaps it is this that explains the efforts of Spanish scientists in the fight against the disease that causes more deaths of African children, about 800,000 a year.

The Lancet today again echoing a Spanish achievement in the battle against malaria. The researcher of the Center for International Health Research of Barcelona (CRESIB) Clara Menendez directs a study showing that intermittent administration of an inexpensive preventive treatment reduced by 30% of malaria cases in children under one year, most susceptible to severe forms of the disease. And it does, well, without causing serious side effects.

Every year nearly 800,000 African children from malaria

Menendez is the wife of Pedro Alonso, científicopremio Prince of Asturias International Cooperation 2008 that tested what could become the first effective vaccine against malaria, which has shown a reduction of up to 60% of the risk of malaria for under - five years.

Today in The Lancet reports the results of six clinical trials three in Ghana and the rest in Tanzania, Mozambique and Gabon which evaluated the administration of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) in 3958 compared with 3972 infants who are given a placebo. The children, who had up to 12 months old, received treatment regardless of whether they had been infected.

The chosen combination of drugs (sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine) is not unknown in Africa. These two drugs very baratosalrededor of 30 cents per dose, and its use to treat malaria in pregnant women even allowed.
Making vaccination

However, not always the availability of a drug makes it easy to mass administration. For this reason, the team opted to use Menendez a program that has proven effective for decades, the WHO Immunization, which systematically vaccine to children of diseases for which there is such a possibility. "We wonder what would have to devise a new program where we could benefit from a successful one," he said at a news conference yesterday Professor, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, David Schellenberg. The British center is one of 20 participating in the Consortium, comprising more than 20 institutions in Africa, Europe and USA, as well as WHO and UNICEF.

The drugs tested are inexpensive and have caused side effects

Menendez's work is part of the this group, as defined Pedro Alonso, is "a new mode of international cooperation to move the politicians the need to establish measures for malaria control.

Today is certainly an important day in the fight against malaria. CRESIB addition to the work of another assay Consortium shows that apart from the combination sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, other medications administered preemptively reduce the incidence of the disease in vulnerable populations. Thus, the study conducted by researcher Daniel Chandramohan, the aforementioned center of London, confirms the effectiveness of mefloquine. A very good news if you consider that in certain parts of Africa the parasite that causes malaria is resistant to sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine.

Despite the success, Pedro Alonso warned yesterday that this formula is far from a panacea. Nor will the vaccine, whose trials are already in phase III, the last prior to their authorization. In the fight against malaria, say the experts, the multiple attack will be essential.
"This approach saves money for governments"

Clara Menendez. CRESIB Researcher and author of the study

The researcher Clara Menéndez is very clear that in the battle against malaria, be addressed several fronts simultaneously. This fight is dedicated multifocal at the Center for International Health Research of Barcelona (CRESIB).

One of the main concerns about the preventive administration of antimalarial drugs is the risk of side effects. How secure is the proposed solution?

This aspect has been studied better than in most drugs, even in the smallest detail. And not only were evaluated side effects of drugs themselves but also their interactions with children receiving these vaccines, and that the program has been jointly administered drugs and immunizations. What we concluded is that, as administered, no serious effects. Reported only two cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome [a rare autoimmune disease that affects the skin] that, with hindsight, have not been confirmed.

The cost of drugs is a primary concern in countries as poor as those who have participated in the trial ...

Yes, but we have shown that the combination of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is not only cost effective because it is worth paying the quarter euro each dose costing the benefits to be gained, but also saves money for the system health, the decline in hospital admissions that achieved it.

In another Lancet study adverse results are obtained with the combination you propose as effective. Why?

This second test is also part of our work, and the results it offers are completely expected, as the area where we have made, northern Tanzania, an area I know very well, presents a pathogen with resistance to these drugs nearby 99%. But the positive of the latter work is that we have seen that there is an alternative to mefloquine, which is effective for this variety.

Another recent study showed that placing nets on doors and windows reduced the transmission of malaria. Should we combine several strategies until you get the vaccine?

You can not use a single method. The mosquito nets will have a major role. Keep in mind that the vaccine will not have a 100% effective, so it must be combined with all other available strategy which, incidentally, are many.

Emso bottles recicla botellas de plástico en USA

La fabricación de plásticos ecológico
En un esfuerzo para ayudar a reducir las toneladas de residuos de botellas plásticas se acumulan en las instalaciones de residuos sólidos de nuestra nación, ENOS Botellas ™, en asociación con Resilux Latina y Bio-tec del Medio Ambiente, está llevando Eco-Pure ™ tecnología para la industria de la botella de PET a través especialmente formulados aditivo preformas y botellas de soplado. ENOS Botellas ™ y Bio-Tec ambientales son dos empresas del medio ambiente con una dedicación a proveer soluciones de Earth Friendly plásticos biodegradables, y juntos, están ofreciendo los últimos avances científicos a la industria del PET.

Botellas de ENOS no son oxo-degradables o PLA (basado en el maíz) de plástico. Botellas de ENOS son biodegradables en aeróbica (compost) y anaeróbica (vertederos) ambientes, rompiendo a través de la acción microbiana en biogás y humus inerte, no dejando tras de materiales nocivos. ENOS botellas son reciclables y pueden ser mezclados en el estándar de corriente de reciclado de PET.

Repsol is the largest gas well in Venezuela

Repsol is the largest gas well in Venezuela


The Spanish oil company Repsol has confirmed that the gas well which has discovered 1X Pearl in Venezuela is the largest in the history of the company and the largest ever conducted in that country. The field could contain recoverable gas reserves of between 1,000 and 1,400 million barrels of oil equivalent, enough to meet the gas demand in Spain for 5 years.

Pearl 1X Well reached a total depth of 3147 meters in a water depth of 60 meters. Production tests resulted in a flow of 570,000 cubic meters of gas per day and 620 barrels of oil per day, restricted by the specifications of the facility.

With Italy's Eni and Venezuela's PDVSA

Repsol operates together with Italy's Eni consortium discovered the Cardon IV Block. For the development phase of the bloc, the Venezuelan state oil company PDVSA, would acquire 35% of the consortium Repsol and Eni maintaining a 32.5% stake each.

According to reports Repsol, the discovery has been described by the information service specializing IHS oil as one of the five largest in the world made in 2009.

Repsol is carrying out an intensive exploration campaign throughout 2009, with 15 oil and gas discoveries among which are some of the most important made by the sector during the period.

The microprocessor air.

Researchers from the University of Michigan have developed a microprocessor consisting of channels and valves that draw air in a tube is a 0 and eject a 1. Its practical utility remains to be seen.

The New Scientist magazine has published the invention Minsoung Rhee and Mark Burns, University of Michigan, which have created a silicon chip that works without electricity or, based on air pressure. The complex design of channels and valves send ones and zeros that represent the digital language sucking or expelling the air.

From this basis, researchers have managed to implement all basic features such as microprocessor logic gates, shift registers or flip-flops to achieve 8-bit microprocessor-style carrying computers as the Spectrum and consoles like the NES Nintendo in the early 80s.

Apart from its value as a laboratory curiosity, its creators say can be used to improve devices called "lab on a chip" designed to automate complex tasks and improve chemical disease testing, DNA testing and other laboratory work.

Los jóvenes ya no quieren hacer carreras científicas

La ciencia española se está quedando sin cartera. Desde hace años, las facultades que enseñan biología, física, química o matemáticas están sufriendo un éxodo constante hacia otros campos: las ciencias experimentales han perdido más de un 30% de alumnos desde 1997. Las más afectadas son química, matemáticas y física, que se están desangrando hasta casi desaparecer de algunas universidades. Matemáticas ha perdido casi la mitad de alumnos desde 1998. En Química sólo algunas universidades consiguen cubrir la mitad de las plazas que ofertan. Física, una de las más afectadas, ha perdido un 50% de alumnos en 20 años, explica a Público María Josefa Yzuel, vicepresidenta de la Real Sociedad Española de Física. "Nos preocupa enormemente la falta de alumnos", comenta.

El fenómeno se repite en la mayoría de países desarrollados. Esta escasez de vocaciones dificultará el objetivo de la Unión Europea de aumentar el personal de I+D en los próximos años. También impactará en sectores de investigación que son claves para el progreso económico. "Los avances tecnológicos se basan en el desarrollo de las ciencias básicas", advierte Joan Ángel Padró, presidente de la Conferencia de Decanos de Física.

De seguir así, se repetirá en España el modelo de EEUU, donde la falta de interés por la ciencia entre los jóvenes se suple con un creciente número de estudiantes e investigadores extranjeros.

Las pequeñas sufren más

Mientras las universidades grandes han conservado un número aceptable de alumnos, son las más pequeñas las que están al borde del colapso. En la Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, éste podría ser el último año en el que se imparta el primer curso de Física. Según el decanato, este año se han matriculado ocho alumnos. En 2006 sólo hubo dos nuevas matrículas. La facultad, que depende de la Universidad de Vigo, quiere crear un nuevo título de ciencias ambientales que daría cabida a alumnos de Física, Química, matemáticas y otras disciplinas. En situación similar están las universidades de Córdoba, Murcia y Extremadura, explica Padró.

Los jóvenes no ven rentable una carrera científica para ser mileuristas

El panorama es igual de desolador en Matemáticas y Química. Según los libros blancos de la Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación, en 2003, último año del que hay datos, sólo tres de las 27 universidades que imparten matemáticas consiguió cubrir su cupo. Otros 10 centros no cubrieron el 50% de su oferta (11 facultades no tienen límite de plazas). En Química, sólo cinco de 37 centros consiguieron cubrir todas las plazas. Otros siete no alcanzaron el 50% de ocupación (11 sin límite de plazas).

"La caída ha sido brutal", comenta Ángel Caballero, director del Departamento de Posgrado del CSIC. El experto señala que, en los últimos años, para conseguir un buen becario que quiera dedicarse a la investigación hay que "cazarlo a lazo". Indica que los jóvenes no ven rentable pasar años estudiando una carrera para acabar siendo "mileurista" cuando pueden ganar más dinero en otras profesiones.

Física, Química y Matemáticas son carreras duras que requieren un gran esfuerzo. Sin embargo, muchos no ven en estas carreras una salida laboral tan clara como las ingenierías, a las que han huido muchos jóvenes que llegan a la universidad, explica Adelaida de la Calle, vicepresidenta de la Conferencia de Rectores de Universidades Españolas. Entre las ciencias experimentales, la única disciplina que mantiene el tipo es la biología. "Es algo para preocuparse a todos los niveles", señala.

Muchas facultades no llegan a cubrir ni la mitad de plazas que ofertan

El fenómeno se repite en casi todos los países desarrollados, que desde finales de los 90 del siglo pasado, han experimentado una reducción drástica del número de alumnos en las carreras más duras. Según la OCDE, el número de estudiantes de Física y Matemáticas entre 1995 y 2003 se ha reducido a la mitad en algunos países, mientras el de las ingenierías y la Biología se ha mantenido.

Esta falta de vocaciones "ya está impactando en la I+D", opina Joan Guinovart, presidente de la Confederación de Sociedades Científicas de España. No supondrá que haya menos investigadores en ciertas áreas, sino que éstos vendrán de países en los que la física, la química y las mateméticas siguen siendo populares, como India o China, comenta.

Una de las razones de fondo de este fenómeno es que la ciencia no se vende bien. "Los científicos hemos fracasado porque hemos dejado que se piense que la ciencia es algo aburrido y metódico", explica Guinovart. "Hemos perdido la capacidad de fascinar". La solución pasa por una amplia campaña de promoción en la que deben participar todas las autoridades, opina De la Calle. Cada vez más programas intentan popularizar la ciencia con jornadas de puertas abiertas entre los jóvenes, y una de las prioridades del Gobierno en la nueva Ley de la Ciencia es, precisamente, la modificación de la carrera investigadora, aunque la normativa aun no ha pasado de simple borrador. "Probablemente no estamos haciendo lo suficiente", concluye Reyes Jiménez, presidente de la Conferencia de Decanos de Química.

Updated - Moldmaking With Clear Silicone Rubber

Eating fruit is healthier than previously thought

These polyphenols are important components of diet and health add properties keys.

* He had underestimated the content and concentration of polyphenols in the fruit

This compound is an effective antioxidant
BUENOS AIRES, Argentina. "According to the website neomundo.com.ar, a team of scientists from the Institute of Food Research in the U.S., found that until now, had underestimated the content and concentration of polyphenolic molecules in fruits. This compound is an effective antioxidant and is another reason to increase the daily intake of fresh fruit.

Usually experts seeing this content analysis based on polyphenols "removable" but a Spanish scientific discussed in detail the chemical composition of apple, pear and tangerine and discovered that there orta class of polyphenols called "non removable" than any of the "removable" by up to 5 times.

The study was published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

"This family of polyphenols must be extracted from cell walls using a variety of fruit acids," said Dr. Sara Arranz Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) in Madrid.

He added: "If these compounds are not considered non-extractable is underestimating the true amount of material" healthy "--

For his part, Dr. Paul Kroon, professional of the same institute, also said that "in the human body these compounds activated by fermenting bacteria that live in our digestive system, creating metabolites that may be beneficial, for example, by their activity antioxidant.

The Spanish research group headed by Professor Fulgencio Saura-Calixto, has been working to prove that non-extractable polyphenols, which are beyond most of the analysis and are not generally considered in nutritional studies, are an important part of bioactive compounds diet.

"These polyphenols are important components of diet and health add properties keys. Therefore it is necessary to reinforce the concept of eating plenty of fruit every day" concluded Saura-Calixto.

A new technique of X-rays measured in milliseconds contamination in soil and water It might work as a tool for prediction of environmental problems

A group of U.S. engineers and researchers have developed a new technique based on X-ray spectroscopy, which will quantify the impact of a pollutant in contact with water or soil, virtually the same moment that occurs contact. The possibility of analyzing those first moments of the process will develop deeper and more accurate research on the impacts that occur in the environment. By Pablo Javier Piacente.


Members of the research team responsible for the new Q-XAS technique. Image: University of Delaware.
A new X-ray technique to detect pollution in soil and water was developed by engineers, chemists and researchers from the University of Delaware, USA. Thanks to this breakthrough, scientists and technicians can analyze the rate of milliseconds exactly what happens when environmentally harmful substances such as arsenic, contact with soil and water under various conditions.

The said technology will quantify the reactions in those first moments, for this way forward models and analysis on how the various pollutants behave and proliferate in the environment, besides being able to realize progress in the prediction and mitigation of environmental risks related .

Applications may be infinite in various fields such as soil chemistry, civil and environmental engineering, materials science, biochemistry and other related branches. The team is led by researcher Donald Sparks, University of Delaware.

The new analytical technique obtained in the course of this research is called Q-XAS (Quick-scanning X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy) and was initially released through a press release from the University of Delaware, but was subsequently published in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The breakthrough was achieved with the support of several institutions, including the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory or the Department of Energy of the United States. Also, the research was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Delaware Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR).

Analyze the processes of contamination from their first moments

According to what they indicate their own specialists to research, this method is a significant advance in understanding the geochemical processes that occur when pollutants come into contact with soil or water.

Also, the first application of the new technique is able to determine in real time on a molecular scale reactions that occur in these situations, on time scales of milliseconds that provide insight into the initial instants of these phenomena to study.

Subsequently, the method could be applied in other environmental processes and in different situations. The working group responsible for research has studied the kinetics of soil and soil minerals for 30 years, leading to the development of this new technique.

The hope that moved to these researchers, from the outset was the ability to analyze the reaction processes in a way almost immediately to one, gathering information on the mechanism simultaneously. That is exactly what has been achieved with Q-XAS technique.

It is worth recalling that X-ray spectroscopy, one of the technologies that are part of this new method is applied for several years to see the structures and materials at the atomic scale. This technique has been used by physicists, chemists, materials scientists and engineers from different branches, but only from a short time now it has begun to employ in research related to the environment.

A new tool for the detection of environmental problems?

One of the goals that will meet the new technique in the study of the kinetics of the land is to determine the speed with which a pollutant begins to stick to a mineral. These reactions are very rapid, occurring in 90% during the first 10 seconds.

Thanks to Q-XAS technique, will now be possible to measure the first few seconds of these reactions, which previously could not be quantified. In this way, specialists can analyze these phenomena while they are happening, when should be frozen until the situation at a given time to evaluate once occurred.

Actually the applications of this technique can charge a very important significance in the coming years, as for example the pollution of drinking water supplies by arsenic is a serious health problem in the United States and other countries.

With the new technique developed by specialists at the University of Delaware, could analyze groundwater and implement a new tool for early detection of problems of pollution, which could then be incorporated into predictive models for environmental care.

Silicone Rubber MCP Joint Arthroplasty

A healthy alternative to snack

* A Spanish study reveals the high nutritional value of these legumes



Although there are still a few days of summer, the vast majority of Spanish evaporate see how your vacation. If the 'culture of tapas' is inevitably linked to us, more so in summer time, where to sit for pie in any terrace seems often imprescindble. Olives, nuts or lupins are ideal complements to taste with a beer or soda. And without knowing it, we may be, thanks to snack, food better than we think.

A group of researchers from the Instituto de la Grasa, belonging to the Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - and the University of Seville have revealed in a study published in the journal Food Chemistry ', the high nutritional value of wild lupine southern Spain.

The lupine belongs to the family of legumes, like beans or chickpeas. According declares elmundo.es Javier Vioque, research scientist and lead author of the study, this food "is characterized by its high protein and fiber, as well as being an important antioxidant. Their proteins are also "high quality".

Many properties of this plant, since it also helps to balance the amino acids. Not for nothing, as has Vioque, beans have been calling them "the flesh of the poor", because in countries that do not have access to it for continued use, as in India or Mexico, they consume large number of pulses, since their nutritional values can compensate for low intake of meat or fish.

The lupine cultivated species belong to the 'Lupinus albus' although other species growing wild or cultivated in Andalusia marginally. After analyzing six of these types of lupine, the researchers found that the 'Lupinus luteus',' L. hispanicus 'and' L. Cosentinii 'contain proteins with improved nutritional properties and the composition of the latter is the most balanced.

Compared with other foods, the protein intake of lupine is similar to that offered sunflower seeds over the chickpeas. It also highlights the high content of iron and calcium. In contrast, the level of fats and carbohydrates is similar to other crop plants.
Revalue indigenous crops

The study is part of a project of the Andalusian with the aim of tracking wild vegetables that grow in the south of the peninsula. Vioque explained that he had analyzed the protein composition "to upgrade indigenous crops" that in recent years have been displaced (some have even disappeared) by seed marketed by foreign multinationals.

"For the preservation and expansion of local crops, we need to further study its characteristics as a power source," says the scientist, emphasizing that investigations like this, "confirmed the importance of studying populations of wild species for seed that can provide good properties nutrition.

The lupine grown used as feed for livestock, but its grain is edible if you remove the bitterness that characterizes him with water and salt. Thus, it becomes a popular snack, especially in Andalusia. Enjoy your meal, never better.

All you need to know about the influenza vaccine and clinical trials

* Several experts discussed the vaccine is in development.
* Specialists are confident with the virus.
* 400 Spanish children become part of clinical studies.
* Trinidad Jimenez said the Internet on influenza A.
* Differences between common cold and influenza A | Ten myths about influenza A.
* TIMELINE: Victims of influenza A in Spain
* POLL: Would you let your child try out the vaccine?

Minuteca all about:

* Influenza A

DAVID YAGÜE. 10/09/2009 - 15:15

Experts and institutions agree: we must be calm before the evolution of influenza A and its vaccine. That's how he expressed strong Fernando Rodríguez Artalejo, Professor of Public Health of the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), when 20minutos.es assured that, although the process has accelerated, "nobody will get the vaccine until it is sure it is safe and effective ". Here we have everything you need to know about the flu vaccine to arrive, expected before year end.

Who makes the vaccine?
Although there are several pharmaceutical developing vaccines against influenza A virus, Spain, currently, only vaccines buy two of them, Novartis and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).

Can vaccines of these manufacturers will be different?
Although vaccines for both companies may have some slight differences, protect against the virus in the same way, effectively and safely, as both will, when reaching the public, with the approval of international and national agencies. Signing agreements with two pharmaceutical answers the need of production: having such a demand for several manufacturers dose needed to take the shortest time as much.

What is the normal process for developing a flu vaccine?
Once a vaccine is discovered, its development has two phases: a pre-clinic and other clinics. In the first, says Fernando Rodriguez Artalejo, Professor of Public Health of the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), is carried out technological development and it is proved "by creating antibodies to the virus in animals." It is proved, therefore, their level of safety and efficacy.

In the second phase human trial. First, in small groups of healthy adults. Here and measured doses to be provided and side effects, even in these early tests are only the most frequent. After trials are conducted in larger groups of people, first in adults and then children, because it is assumed that their immune system is not as mature.

With the results of these tests in hand, the European Medicines Agency will make technical recommendations. Above them, the European Commission will decide whether to authorize its distribution and use.

How many people will be tested before reaching the public?
GSK will make 16 trials, distributed in Europe, Canada and the U.S., which will involve 9,000 people. Of these, 8 studies would be in adults, 5 children (babies included) and three in older people, according to sources from the company 20minutos.es. His first adult trials began in Germany in mid August.

Meanwhile, Novartis began its first trial in July and announced its results in early September. Currently continuing their tests with the participation of more than 6,000 adults and children worldwide.

Are you going to carry out tests of the process in Spain?
Yes, the Minister of Health, Trinidad Jimenez, announced this week that were to start trials with vaccines "immediately" in our country.

Who are these patients who are tested?
These 400 children between 6 months and 17 years, Madrid, Andalusia and the Basque Country. These subjects will receive two doses separated by a period of 21 days. According to the Health Department Basque Government, the children of this community will be divided into two groups: the first will receive their first dose between 21 and 27 September and the second between 5 and 11 October. The results are not available until six months.

All are volunteers, meaning that they have the informed consent of their parents (and his own, if they are over 12 years) and not charge for it. They are also entitled to leave the trial at any time.

Why precisely in Spain?
Because our country has good facilities and specialists in the field of vaccines, sources with the pharmaceutical industry. Since GSK ensure that all its "marketed vaccines and developing countries has been Spanish intervention.

From their results do not depend on its use in Spain, but will join other similar studies being conducted worldwide.

Why are we talking about a vaccine against the virus a few months after the onset of the virus?
For two reasons. First, this vaccine is not particularly "innovative", according to Professor Rodriguez Artalejo, which says its technology is very similar to other influenza vaccines. Another professor in Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Rafael Rodríguez-Contreras Pelayo, explains that "each year are prepared by laboratories need to include some new mutation of the virus and include in the vaccine."

In a specific case of the influenza vaccine, GSK sources explain that the previous work prepared to find a vaccine for avian flu known as possible that we have done so as quickly as it only had to be applied to this strain a model already adopted.

Secondly, drug companies are making while they test doses, so if all goes well, the tests are positive and the vaccine is approved, almost immediately available.

Is it reasonable from a medical standpoint accelerate the process?
All the experts consulted by 20minutos.es believe so. In addition, ensure that accelerate the process does not "have abandoned basic safety measures" that vaccines have to meet to be authorized.

Do not pose risks?
"We must not fear the vaccine more than others from the flu, which have unwanted effects in rare cases," said Rodriguez-Contreras. "No one will receive the vaccine until they are sure is safe and effective" categorical claims another professor, Rodriguez Artalejo, which continues: "There is a rush, but not so much because the virus has not mutated and disease, for now, is essentially benign."

What did he mean when the Health Minister stated that it would begin distributing the vaccine before having the results of clinical trials?
He was referring only to tests performed with children in Spain and it will take about six months to get results. For drug approval and will take many trials, conducted by various countries with developed healthcare system, with adults and children.

What are the deadlines that are handled with this vaccine?
According to the minister of industry, the authorization would be in late September, early October to begin the vaccination strategy of early November. Similarly, he insisted that for the month of December, the vaccine could be available on the private channel, so "people can buy it in pharmacies as needed" although qualified, the National Health System (NHS) "vaccines will have to spare."

How do you provide?
The vaccine consists of two doses to be administered with a gap of 21 days. The first will be at-risk groups, but remember that once approved, with contraindications hand, some of these people can be vaccinated later. This is because the first approvals will be in the healthy adult group, with whom they are tested before, and perhaps, and to do so with the utmost security, no results yet available from other populations at risk.

In this process there may be "understandable paradox" in the words of Professor Rodríguez Artalejo, as a group of risk such as pregnant women can not be vaccinated immediately, since usually clinical trials are done after this group than with adults and children.

How many doses of vaccine has commissioned the Spanish Government?
The health ministry has purchased 37 million doses to the two aforementioned pharmaceutical. This means that, when necessary two doses, 18 million Spanish people could be vaccinated.

What if the vaccine is there on time?
While it appears that this will be the case, nor would it occur to dramatize the situation. "In Latin America are finishing the winter and more flu season and has not been a disaster, even in the absence of vaccine," explains Rodríguez Artalejo.

What if the virus mutates?
If this happens, vaccines would not be made effective. However, all experts and international organizations agree on little worried about this aspect. The virus appears to have stabilized, so that this possibility is remote.

Will I have the flu vaccine is also normal if I do this it?
He said it very clear 20minutos.es Trinidad Jimenez: "The flu vaccine does not work against influenza. So you have to be vaccinated twice. The influenza vaccine does not immunize against seasonal or vice versa.

Experts differ on the possibility of having supplied the vaccine together with influenza A together with the common flu to be similar processes. For Rodriguez Artalejo, besides some differences between them (for example, that of influenza A requires two doses), would be a timing issue because, to be ready for the fishing year are preparing vaccines and manufacturing since before the appearance of influenza virus A.

Instead, Rodriguez-Contreras believes "it would be possible to" unite the two vaccines. The professor blamed the decision to "awe" that has caused unwarranted virus, "we seem to plague the XIV century and it is not" because "other interests", commercial or other types.

If I've had the flu to me I have to vaccinate?
No, having spent the disease would have been immunized.

Ten Myths About Influenza A

* The Influenza A has caused 1154 deaths, mostly in America.
* The vaccine is expected to pass by way of urgency, but WHO warning of risks to suspend clinical trials.
* There are many myths about the virus H1N1, which have generated, in some cases, the excessive alarm.
* Differences between ordinary flu and Influenza A.

Minuteca all about:

* Influenza A


The World Health Organization has warned that the worst of the H1N1 virus is yet to come, and that is why preventive measures for infection and the development of an effective vaccine has accelerated considerably.

With the arrival of autumn, the return to schools and indoor increases alertness by contagion. This is the first pandemic to which the world faces from 41 years ago, and it shows the huge public alarm that has arisen as a result.

In this sense, as stated in the foxnews.com website, it is important to know some of the most common myths circulating about Avian A. Here are some of the most listened:

1. "I'm healthy so I need not worry about Influenza A"

Fake. The H1N1 virus, as is the case with the common flu virus can infect anyone. Although there are groups at higher risk, like teenagers, young adults and pregnant women who would normally pose no risk to the common flu virus. Like any virus can remain dormant in the body or do not develop much later.

"There are groups that may be much more affected, like pregnant women, where they can cause significant complications," said Dr. Amy Ray, a specialist at University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio (USA). "People with underlying heart or lung, even though it is a mild asthma are more likely to suffer worse consequences."

2. "With me infectaré virus vaccine"

It's the same myth that haunts doctors every year when the vaccination period begins for the common flu.

There is no way of passing through vaccination

"To develop the vaccine, using killed virus particles, so there is no way of passing through vaccination," says Ray. "The reason people believe this comes from the fact that it is precisely when the cold begins when they start the vaccines, so we tend to confuse a common cold caused by cold, the flu virus," continues the Doctor.

"There are times when, in reaction to the vaccine, there is a slight fever that some people confuse. However, the opposite is true, is a symptom of health, since it is a reaction that occurs as a sample of defense immune system, which rejects the virus, "explains Ray.

3. "Vaccines are dangerous. It is better to let children develop a natural immunity, through contagion"

This myth refers to the so-called 'party Swine flu' parties where healthy children are mixed with the H1N1 virus affected the intention to develop that natural immunity, once passed the disease. Furthermore, as reported from news.bbc.co.uk, some parents confessed that they preferred their children to spend the disease before winter arrived. Doctors have already warned that this is a bad idea.

This practice, in addition to ill-considered, can be dangerous
"I oppose any 'celebration' of this kind," says Dr. Ray, "I prefer the vaccines, the risk of vaccination is far smaller. This practice, in addition to ill-considered, can be dangerous."

4. "Wearing a mask will protect me"

False again. Ray insists that lead mask is only one measure in the short term, and it is ineffective if it is wet, something that happens quickly. "The best advice," continues the doctor-if you're sick, you stay home. "

5. "Use a hand sanitizer is not as effective as washing"

These disinfectants have been very effective against the virus, and should be used not only by people trying to prevent infection, but also for those already infected and do not wish to transmit the virus.

6. "I will not eat pork"

"This is absolutely a myth," says Ray. "Everything indicates that the disease is spread among people, by the respiratory route.

7. "Children should not go to 'farm-schools' and other such sites, which may have pigs"

There is no evidence that the virus could spread from pigs to humans, so there is no reason to cancel these trips. However, Dr. Ray does want to emphasize the importance of children to maintain good hygiene, and they are cleaning your hands after handling any animal, not only pigs, especially before eating.

The flu vaccine offers no protection against H1N1
8. "It should stop shaking hands with people"

Again, remember that the disease is spread by respiratory route. Doctors recommend again to this good hygiene, washing and disinfecting hands before touching your mouth, nose or eyes.

Although, recently, and considering it a more comfortable, the Medical Association of Madrid reported to Health of a new slogan "Do not kiss, do not give your hand, say hello," referring to the practical with this Japanese greeting.

9. "Every year I get the flu shot, so I need not do so Influenza A"

"The flu vaccine is developed before knowing the H1N1 variant, so it offers no protection," insists the doctor.

This year, it is likely that the common flu vaccine is available earlier than usual, and people who normally puts it, continue to do so. In the case of high risk groups, doctors have advised double vaccination.

10. "I have a sore throat, and I've been sneezing and coughing, so I Influenza A"

"Sneezing and coughing is not associated with any type of flu," says Ray. Both in the case of the flu and the H1N1 virus, the symptoms include high fever, headache, and especially in the case of Influenza A, nausea and vomiting.

Quimica - Chemical: Cesium Metalreaccion redox y explicacion entre el aluminio y el acido clorhidrico.

Nuevos aditivos en masterbatch de MJ Additive en España

Addiblend ™
El cliente mezcla específica, desarrollada por el cliente o en conjunto con el cliente

Addifog ™
Agente anti-empañamiento inhibe la nebulización en la superficie de los termoplásticos

™ Addiclear
De nucleación agente mejora la claridad, la rigidez y una mayor productividad

Addivin ™
UV ABSORBER y UV de estabilización de los termoplásticos

Addicling ™
Agente Cling mejora las propiedades adhesivas de superficie de las hojas de termoplásticos y películas

Addifoam ™
Endotérmica agente espumante

Addistab ™
Los estabilizadores del sistema mejora el tiempo de vida y la calidad de los productos

Addinox ™
Sistema antioxidante mejora el tiempo de vida y la calidad de los productos y amplía el campo de aplicación

Addiblock ™
Lucha contra el agente de bloqueo para el cine y la hoja de aplicaciones de

Addilub ™
Lubricantes, agente de transformación de mejorar el flujo de materiales o propiedades de la superficie de los termoplásticos

Addistat ™
Agentes antiestáticos para termoplásticos

Contactar con empresa

Differences between common cold and influenza A

* The symptoms are very similar, although those produced by the virus AH1N1 are milder and last less.
* Both are treated with antiviral drugs, although the risk groups who have influenza and Tamiflu is prescribed Ralenza.

Minuteca all about:

* Influenza A



Everyone has had influenza at some time. Moreover, much of the population is immune to the virus called seasonal influenza that occurs every winter without fail, according to the Ministry of Health.

With just a handshake or a conversation face to face can contract the virus

But these viruses mutate, so there is a common flu vaccine, which risk groups are applied each year and therefore also new subtypes emerge as AH1N1 or influenza A, which has already claimed its ninth death in Spain and has produced a pandemic level 6, according to WHO, on the planet.

The differences between seasonal flu and influenza A are not large, especially in terms of symptoms and infection. With just a handshake or a conversation face to face can contract the virus, which can be transmitted through the air in droplets of saliva and nasal secretions that are expelled by coughing, speaking or sneezing.

The key, the duration of symptoms

Any person who, today, has more than 38 degrees of fever and a cough and malaise, may be infected with the new virus. The key is, basically, in the duration of these symptoms.

The onset of symptoms of influenza A occurs in 1 to 7 days after contracting the virus

According to Dr. Jose Javier Varo, of the University Clinic of Navarra, are more "mild, short and benign" unless the person has another disease or may be classified as high risk patient and therefore would be treated, directly with specific antivirals such as Tamiflu and Ralenza.

The onset of symptoms of influenza A occurs in 1 to 7 days after contracting the virus, whereas if it is a seasonal flu, the period is reduced from 1 to 4 days. However, the duration is inversely proportional: influenza A, the symptoms will last up to 4 days with normal influenza through 7.

Antivirals, rest and drink fluids

On the other hand, fever, influenza A, lasts a few days, headaches and muscle that presents are intense and almost no nasal congestion. The normal flu, meanwhile, does not produce many strong pains and congestion. Furthermore, the fever lasts much longer, so the lack of energy in the body lasts two weeks.

In both cases, there is a dry cough, loss of appetite, watery diarrhea and low

In both cases, there is a dry cough, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and little watering. And a laboratory should in any event, offering a definitive diagnosis and advise the appropriate antiviral antibiotics-never-to manage the patient. It is also recommended rest, drink fluids and avoid alcohol and snuff.

Finally, the precautionary measures to prevent flu infections of both happen, according to the Ministry of Health and the regional Councils, on the mask be if one has been infected, including sterile equipment for sanitary, washing hands frequently, cover mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, after not touching the eyes, nose and mouth, do not go to crowded places and frequently clean the furniture.

Influenza A: The thin red line between prevention, information and scaremongering

* Each new death is a great owner, advertised in mass vaccinations no shortage of dire predictions ...
* We know that the first pandemic of the XXI century fast forward, but also that, for now, is far less deadly than the common cold.
* Is there a concern is excessive or justified? What are the data? What the experts say?
* What happened to bird flu? What interests were reported then?

Polymer nanotube

Carbon nanotubes (NTC) as reinforcement of polymers have been the subject of countless investigations. Equally striking is the large number of research institutes that try to develop them. Spain is no exception.
Pascual Bolufer, Chemical Institute of Sarria (IQS)


The NTC is a ribbon of graphene rolled up to form the nanotube. When cutting a graphene sheet (pictured), will do an angle, ie attaching the NTC chirality. Depending on the angle of cut, the NTC shall become metallic or semiconducting.

Chemical Institute of Sarria (IQS) has since 1994 of the Laboratory of Materials Science, where Dr. Carles Colominas works with nanocomposites, coatings synthesized by chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel technique, wet, for obtain ultra hard materials, with hardness of 10 to 40 times higher than steel. The oldest center in nanomaterials is AIN (Navarre Industry Association) in Cordovil. Let us add the Institute of Science and Technology of Polymers (CSIC), Madrid, AIMPLAS (Institute of Polymer Technology), in Paterna (Valencia), and finally, let me quote a Nanospain (www.nanospain.org). Has 275 research groups and 1,200 researchers.

But industrial and commercial level, where we find a company doing business with nanotechnology? There is an exception that proves the rule. Pere Castell, Nanozar, says that the industry sees nanotechnology as a high risk market, not assumed by it, and that Spain suffers from a lack of highly qualified technical staff. The properties 'miracle' of nanomaterials are a reality, but turning them into industrial success is even more difficult. Progress will be steady but slow.

There are many kinds of nanomaterials, for example, nanoclays (an easy topic for reinforcement of polymers) and carbon nanotubes, one or many layers. The latter are very difficult to handle. Carbon hexagonal networks are curved and closed trivalent, which have a length of several microns. Their diameters range from 1 to 20 nanometers. They were discovered by S. Iijima, Japan in 1991. There are two types: single wall, or mono, and multi-walled, up to 100 layers.

To understand the problem, simply quote the NIMS (National Institute for Materials Science), Tsukuba, Japan. The research teams that have not any business can afford, or the international level. Only the state: high-voltage microscopy and electron synchrotron, among others.
photo
NTC Nano Tech Institute of the University of Texas.
The nano scale

The chemicals, through bottom-up strategies, have been synthesized molecular materials that have extremely interesting physical properties. The nanochemistry is an invaluable tool for developing even artificial molecular machines. So says Thomas Torres Barley, from their chemistry professor at the UAM. The chemist can offer electronics engineers assembled car systems, like bricks on a molecular scale to build transceivers electronic and electro-optical, much smaller than those of current in use.
The nanochemistry, which manipulates materials at the nanometer scale, between 1 and 100 nm, representing an impact of several orders of magnitude on submicrometer technology, which is the foundation of today's electronics

The nanochemistry manipulates materials at the nanometer, between 1-100 nm. Represents an impact of several orders of magnitude on submicrometer technology, which is the foundation of today's electronics. Their interest is obvious. It involves constructing, from pieces of matter such as atoms and molecules, supramolecular entities at the nanoscale with specific properties. Try to manipulate molecular scale structures and providing them with new properties, not found in conventional materials.

The molecular materials are synthesized separately and organized into some kind of condensed phase, capable of presenting unconventional physical properties. The properties of nanostructured materials depend on the size effects of dimensional changes of the system. Nanocrystalline materials usually consist of crystalline blocks and there is a marked difference with glasses and gels, which are microstructurally homogeneous.

The best energy to work at a molecular switch machine or are photons and electrons. A much-repeated phrase, that Richard Feynman gave on December 29, 1959: There's plenty of room in the bottom.

The strength or hardness of crystalline material, according to Hall-Petch effect depends on the grain size. At any pressure, as grain size decreases, the metal hardens. Young's modulus characterizes the elastic material behavior, according to the direction in which force is applied, and voltage values in the range of complete reversibility of deformation. The value of Young's modulus is defined by the ratio of the voltage applied to the material and the deformation caused. The smaller the grain, the higher the Young's modulus, the greater the force to be applied, so that the metal enters the zone of plasticity.

Shear modulus with the same thing happens: the smaller the grain, the greater the force that must be done to achieve a given deflection.
photo
NTC French CEA (Atomic Energy Commission).
Thermodynamics suggests that the nanostructures synthesized probably never get the uniformity and perfection of electronic circuits made with silicon crystals

The Hall-Petch effect holds for grains of a diameter greater than 12 nm. For smaller grains hardness decreases. There dislocations within a grain, which spread to nearby grain, and weaken the metal. A smaller, more difficult is the propagation of dislocation and the emergence of metal plasticity. But the practical results are not encouraging, do not confirm the theory. Thermodynamics suggests that the nanostructures synthesized probably never get the uniformity and perfection of electronic circuits made with silicon crystals obtained with conventional lithography. The mere size reduction, by itself, can not provide the expected increase in features.
Nanotubes National Microelectronics Center (CNM)

CNM works in the UK Dr. Adrian Bachtold, who has made some statements that try to summarize here. Try to clarify the quantum properties of the NTC and its behavior in applications. The center has the largest clean room in Spain and with international professional experience. They are concerned with mechanical and electrical properties of NTC. For example, how an electron flowing through the NTC, which is its vibration, or see if there are quantum phenomena and what type.

After the first logic circuit made from nanotubes, seems to have made little progress. More than two decades ago which spoke of the possibility of substituting silicon for NTC, to improve their performance. Until our work appeared in Science in 2001, it was not proven, you could build a logic circuit with a few molecules. That did not mean to appear shortly NTC based computers. NTC is now getting something simple and inexpensive, but its handling remains very complex. Moreover the NTC can behave as metals, semiconductors or superconductors. Recall here that the diamond is pure carbon insulation.
photo
Three of the four photos show the NTC linking electrodes. Donald Bethune of IBM.
The NTC can be a good option to replace silicon. The properties of NTC are clearly superior to the latter, in phenomena such as conductivity or transductancia

We do not have techniques to efficiently manipulate the NTC. In addition, a random feature on a surface, which forces discover, and it is not easy. The NTC should be in a precise position on the substrate (polymer), which reinforced.

The NTC can be a good option to replace silicon. The properties of NTC are clearly superior to those of the latter. For example, phenomena such as conductivity or transductancia. This is important so that the circuits operate at higher speeds, and therefore have better transistors. We must master the management of carbon atoms, that is what defines, if you are superconducting or not.

The NTC defines a rigid structure, strong and very light with mass, but we know very little about other mechanical properties: the vibration. Your understanding would open the door to many applications, from optimizing energy use in mobile telephony, the identification of weak forces (sensors very sensitive), or detect the mass of a single atom. It also expects a lot of quantum computing.

Before this, what really matters is the basic science that lies behind the NTC. For example, see how the NTC behave according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Also interested in their behavior as a function of temperature, or the fluctuation of atoms at that level.

The reality is we still do not understand well what happens at the nano scale. So far Dr. Adrian Bachtold, the CNM. If you can not measure at the nanoscale, one can not progress in nanoscience.

It's disappointing, after much research in molecular engineering of nanosystems, the lack of success in technological and commercial exploitation. The manipulation of molecular structures is a very difficult issue. And it is worth remembering that we have changed the structure of polymers, which are now everywhere. These are molecules that can be considered large.
photo
The photo has merit: insert at NTC hemispheres of Buckminster fullerenes. Dr. A. Yazdani, Science Photo Library - Institute of Physics, London 2007.
Production of NTC

The best known method for the production of NTC is the sublimation of carbon in an inert atmosphere. Also by electric arc discharge. It consists of generation of plasma through a current between two carbon electrodes, a distance of 1 mm in an inert atmosphere. The electrodes reach 3,500 ° C. The alignment, performance and quality of the NTC depend on the conditions of the arc and plasma stability. Other methods include laser ablation and catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons.

The chirality is a property to be reckoned with in the NTC. A chiral object has no rotation axes. Chiral molecules have the ability to shift (rotate) the plane of polarized light that passes through them. The plane is diverted angle. If the light rotates clockwise, the molecule is dextrógena, swi is left is levorotatory.

In the NTC chirality corresponds to the direction in which rolls a sheet of graphite one atom thick to form the nanotube. Graphite sheet appears the tape, which wound into the NTC. It is easy to imagine that the tape can be cut from the sheet forming different angles, from 0 to 90 degrees. The chirality and therefore the properties of the NTC, depend on the angle of cut. NTC may not achieve the same chirality, because some are NTC hardware (drivers), and other semiconductors. All tubes are made by assembling hexagons, but the chirality varies. It's a mixture.
At Duke University seems to have managed to grow exclusively NTC type semiconductor. Its merit is to have achieved a precise combination of two alcohols with argon and hydrogen, with copper as catalyst
photo
The polymer sheet absorbed well the NTC. In the picture the NTC pull the organic film. Trinity College 2006.

The problem remains, as in monolayer tubes, which in the multilayer. Separate the NTC for chirality is not possible, because, due to attractive Van der Waals forces, the NTC tend to self-assemble to form fibers or meshes.

The news, last January, comes from Duke University. Jie Liu and Patricia Crawford say they have managed to grow exclusively NTC type semiconductor. Its merit is to have achieved a precise combination of two alcohols with argon and hydrogen, with copper as catalyst. We will have to confirm their method.

There NTC chirality zero: the nanotube shows a side view vertical rows of hexagons, parallel to the axis of the nanotube. The nanotubes with chirality have rows of hexagons, forming an angle with the axis of the NTC. The intertwining of the NTC, or when mixed with thermoplastic resins, greatly increases the viscosity.

The most practical method to select NTC is the chemical vapor deposition that is performed in the IQS, Barcelona. It is based on the decomposition of gaseous hydrocarbons (benzene or acetylene) precursor called on a graphite substrate covered by transition metals (cobalt, iron, nickel) that act as a catalyst. Temperatures range between 700 and 1,500 ° C. The NTC of this method are not straight but curved, forming a conglomerate contaminated with catalyst. The diameter of the NTC is quite uniform.

When the pyrolysis is conducted in the presence of organo-metallic compounds are obtained NTC aligned. The NTC growth is fast initially, but decreases greatly when the catalyst is encapsulated in the NTC. The density is very low compared with graphite, which is a great advantage for certain applications.

The theoretical mechanical properties of the NTC are fascinating, but in practice no such high values are achieved. Its characteristics depend largely on the high ratio radius / length and surface to volume ratio, which in turn implies a drastic increase in interfacial area.

They are also highly elastic, ie ideal candidates for reinforcement in polymers, comparing with traditional reinforcing. For its ability to withstand high strains offer a significant advantage over carbon fiber. The assumption has been achieved ideal dispersion in the polymer matrix. As the agglomerates present NTC is a challenge to achieve effective dispersion.

In fact, the dispersion is achieved in a mixed base, which acts as a shearing and breaking the NTC. If the mixing is energy, reduces the length of the NTC, which is not serious. In fact, the ratio radius / length of the NTC is still high, is reduced from 1,000 to 250.
Nanopolímero final properties depend on the degree of dispersion and alignment of the NTC
photo
The carbon nanotube is formed by trivalent.

It's the price we pay for achieving acceptable dispersion. Nanopolímero final properties depend on the degree of dispersion and alignment of the NTC. The direction and degree of alignment of the NTC are determined using TEM images and X-ray diffraction

The NTC provide the polymer not only greatly improved the mechanical properties but also electrical: conductivity, increased by 10 orders of magnitude, an advantage over conducting electrical charges.

The polystyrene acrilonitrito-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polypropylene are used to form multi-component, where the dispersion of the NTC is carried out using a mixer. The dispersion achieved is analyzed by SEM and TEM techniques.

The charge transfer of the polymer matrix to the NTC is influenced by the interfacial binding by the molecular structure of the polymer and its ability to form helices arranged around the individual nanotube.

The uniform distribution is achieved with a concentration of NTC low, less than 1% by weight, at least in the case of PS and PMMA. Increasing the concentration to 2.5 or 10% changes the properties of charge, but the disadvantages outweigh the advantages.

The epoxy matrix can not be reinforced with NTC, due to weak interfacial bonds between the two phases. The NTC-polymer chemical bonds lead to a successful transfer.

How to improve surface finish in the infusion process

AME VPRO is an unreinforced barrier layer between gelcoat and laminate, is used primarily to improve the surface quality of rolled and water resistance as well as being effective against the marking fibers, is used primarily in the marine industry and especially for vacuum infusion.
Olli Piiroinen, European Manager of marine industry. Ashland Composite Polymers

AME VPRO is based on vinyl ester resins from Ashland base.

Features:

• Easy to apply, curing properties and resistance to sag.

• Can be used with standard MEKP peroxide-50.

• Low emissions.

• Versatile: can be used for any marine area, above or below the waterline.

• Excellent surface finish, profile enhancer.

• Superior chemical resistance.

• Cost efficient in production.

• Maintains flexibility integrally laminating and other physical properties.

Draft 16 months

Members:

• Ashland Finland - Resins.

• Ahlstrom Fiber Glass - Reinforcements.

• Mikpolis Ltd - Test facilities and instruments.

• Miktech Ltd - project planning, practical work and coordination.
Origin and objectives of the project

• Origin: the achieve good surface quality is considered the most important challenge of vacuum infusion. There is a need for a new test method for measuring the surface quality.

• Project Objectives: to develop a reliable test method for evaluating surface quality and achieve a good surface quality in the infusion.
photo
AME VPRO fully retains the flexibility of rolling and other physical properties.
Process and method

The testing process is divided into 3 stages:

- Development of a sandwich laminate test.

- Post-cured at high temperatures.

- Analysis of the laminate using a 3D profilometer. The 3D Optical Profilometer ago MicroProf optical measurements of surface profile, it calculates the parameters from any one area and create a 3D image of the surface.
Achieve good surface quality is considered the most important challenge of the vacuum infusion
The effect of curing

Vs. outdoor. Laboratory conditions:

• 16 hours post cure at 80 ° C is equivalent to one month outdoors under direct sunlight.

• The maximum external surface temperature of the laminate as about 60 ° C.
Reducing the set of fiber

• AME VPRO barrier layer above the 'skin coat' on surface quality.

• The addition of skin under the coat barrier layer does not significantly improve the surface quality.
Comparison of resins

• There are major differences between the resins in the final surface quality.

• unsaturated polyester resins were clearly the worst of the resins tested.

• DCPD resins and AME (VE) have similar surface characteristics.

• LP resins showed the best surface quality.
Laminate by infusion

The effect of resin chemistry on the surface quality:

• The chemistry of the resin has a very significant effect on surface quality.

• In infusion resins only low profile (LP) as such give a similar or higher surface quality compared to hand lay-up

• All traditional resins require the use of a coating that improves the surface (skin coat or barrier layer).

• The barrier layer (AME VPRO) improves the surface quality with better results than skin coat reinforced.

• When using traditional chemical resins, the best surface quality can be obtained with resin infusion low-styrene.

• Using low resin content of styrene DCPD results are improved surface quality when compared to ortho and isophthalic resins traditional.

• Of all the tests with no tracidionales resins LP, The AME 6000 INF (the next generation of vinyl ester resins low styrene content) are offering better surface quality.

Solving corrosion problems due to fiber reinforced polymers

Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP by its initials in English) have been used to solve corrosion problems for over 50 years in many industries including chemical processing, mineral processing, pulp and paper and coal power plants. In many applications, fiber reinforced polymers provide superior performance to other building materials. This article shows several instances in which such materials have been used successfully in controlling corrosive environments.
Michael G. Stevens, head of the Scientific Staff of Ashland Inc.

In the early '50s, a central chlor-alkali manufacturing suffered serious corrosion in the heads and heads of their cells. The cells required chlorine replacement in less than a year. In response to this critical need, we developed a new type of polyester resin, based on Chlorendic anhydride. This unsaturated polyester resin chlorinated polyester resin was called Chlorendic. When this material was used together with glass fibers to prepare and heads covered cells, the team's life stretched from 5 to 8 years compared with the original building materials requiring replacement in less than a year. This was the beginning of the use of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) for corrosion control. Over the next 50 years new materials have been developed for many different applications. Over the years, reinforcing materials also have improved significantly. Innovations in both fields have resulted in a substantially longer life, maintenance free, FRP equipment. The use of FRP resins in various industries will be discussed in this document. This review will provide the reader an overview of where they should be considered FRP materials. The use of FRP also may be more economical in applications that require high-alloy steels or nickel content in stainless steel with a coating or liner. FRPs usually also have lower maintenance requirements compared to the coated steel.
photo
Wet electrostatic cast zinc epoxy vinyl ester resin made in Spain.
Mineral processing and mining industries

The mining and mineral processing various strong acids used to extract minerals from ores of low quality. The primary acid used in mineral processing is sulfuric acid, which is very corrosive to most metals as well as for concrete. If steel is used for storage tanks or process equipment, should also apply a coating or lining. Most of these coated or lined tanks requires continuous maintenance to keep protected steel. A better option in these applications is to use a team of FRP made with a resin that is resistant to strong acids. The most common resin used for these applications is an epoxy vinyl ester resin bisphenol A. Many pieces of equipment can be manufactured using epoxy vinyl ester resins. These applications include but are not limited to, electrolytic cells, cell extraction, electrowinning, electrostatic precipitators, exhaust fans, ducts, fans, scrubbers, chimneys, inner liners of chimneys, covered with cells, grilles, handrails, storage tanks, sedimentation tanks, pipes, pumps and cooling towers. There are many cases available to support the successful use of epoxy vinyl ester resins for such applications.
Pulp and paper industry

The bleaching process used in making paper is very corrosive. The most common material currently used for paper bleaching is chlorine dioxide. It was discovered that the brominated vinyl ester novolac epoxy resins provide excellent resistance to chlorine dioxide based on trials in paper mills. The types of equipment at a paper mill that can be made of FRP are adequately designed and constructed upstream pipes, towers, tanks, washing drums, drum covers, pipes, scrubbers and hoods. Also available are many cases to demonstrate the feasibility of FRP in these applications.
photo
FRP Ducts in a power station.
Energy Industry

The energy industry in the U.S. is in the process of installing gas desulfurization units (FGD by its initials in English) in all its coal plants to reduce the amount of acid gases that are emitted by these units. The most effective process to remove these acid gases is the scrubbing system wet FGD. Typically, limestone slurry is used as a means of purification. This will eliminate approximately 99% of sulfur dioxide from flue gas. The debugging environment is highly corrosive to metal, but the scrubbers, limestone slurry pipes, water pipes, ducts and inner liners of chimneys every FRP can be designed and constructed properly. You have to specify the appropriate resin for a long lifetime without maintenance. Other areas in the power plant that can be used in FRP separator gas particles, cooling towers, storage tanks and wiring steps. The FRP has a very competitive cost compared with steel alloys with high nickel content, which otherwise would have to be used in this corrosive environment. The team made of alloys with high nickel content is at least double the cost of FRP equipment comparable. The other option is to use coated or FRP lined steel equipment. Although this is a viable alternative, the maintenance costs tend to be significantly higher for coatings and linings.
Chemical process and oil industry

One of the first uses of FRP was a central chlorine-alkali. We developed a chlorinated polyester resin to withstand the corrosive environment of the cells and covered heads of these. Have also been used epoxy novolac vinyl esters to produce the heads of the cells in chlorine plants. Other areas that can be successfully used FRP components are pipes, storage tanks, gratings and handrails.
photo
Flue gas scrubber complete FRP (27 x 23.5 meters) with outflow tract in 600 MW power plant on the Ohio River.

The use of FRP has also been expanding in many other chemical processing plants. Some areas are ideal for FRP are those that are present mineral acids and chlorides. The chlorides in water such as salt water or brine are very aggressive to stainless steel. These are ideal applications for FRP, as the team made from isophthalic polyester resin quality corrosion or epoxy vinyl ester resins is almost inert to salt water at temperatures up to 80 ° C (and higher for some resins). These resins have been used for FRP pipes and cooling towers especially when using salt water. Other applications include tanks, reactors, scrubbers, pipes, vents and ducts.
Fiber reinforced polymers provide superior performance to other construction materials
Wastewater Treatment

Facilities wastewater treatment has many applications in the FRP that is currently used. Sodium hypochlorite is currently the preferred material for treating wastewater. The preferred material for storage tanks FRP sodium hypochlorite is constructed from brominated epoxy vinyl ester. When these tanks were manufactured properly, have lasted more than 20 years. The reasons that PKB is the preferred material is primarily its low initial cost, low maintenance costs and long life of the tanks. Other construction materials do not last as long or have a cost of more than double the FRP tank. The odor abatement systems in central wastewater treatment are also made of FRP based on epoxy vinyl ester. Scrubbers, absorption towers, ducts, vents and pipes are all made of FRP.
photo
Internal Linings FRP chimney.
Keys to a successful application of FRP

To ensure a successful application of FRP is necessary to consider several steps that are key. The first step is to determine if there is an appropriate resin for the service.

The selection of the appropriate resin is very important to a long life. The information required to make the selection of the resin include chemicals used, minimum and maximum concentrations, temperatures, abnormal conditions, requirements and requirements for flame abrasion. With this information, you can select the appropriate resin for the application. Most of the major resin suppliers can help in the selection of the latter through its technical staff consultations or using their published guidelines for selection of resins. The next step is the design of appropriate equipment. This will include the appropriate anti-corrosion lining and construction of the wall structure. The third step is to draft detailed specifications to be followed by the manufacturer and the fourth stage is to make the team. The quality of manufactured equipment is important and must be assessed and approved at an equipment manufacturer based on its ability to meet desired quality requirements in the specification. The next stage is the inspection of equipment manufactured to be performed while being manufactured in transit, once received at the site and prior to commissioning.
Conclusion

The team of FRP has been used successfully to mitigate corrosion in harsh environments since the early 50s. There are many cases which show that the FRP equipment can provide a long useful life. There are many applications where non-alloy steel and stainless steel just can not handle corrosive chemical environments. Currently, many corrosion engineers take into account only if they can find FRP metals appropriate for a given application. In many of these applications, FRP equipment can be used with great success and should be considered as a viable option when searching for material of construction materials for a new team.

Updated - Mold Making - Urethane Rubber Molds

High requirements for plastic pipes under pressure

The second international conference of the AMI (Applied Market Information) in Plastic Pressure Pipes (Pressure Plastic Pipe) will take place from 5 to 7 October this year in Cologne, Germany, bringing together leading experts in technology pipes.



HDPE pressure pipes have been used in Europe during décadas.Hay different kinds of materials, but the construction industry is very conservative and tests done should be very thoroughly before accepting the new product. For example, the company got Egeplast Werner Strumann bring to market a new high-pressure tube made of polyethylene and quality Univation Technologies has a new reactor bimodal HDPE PE 100.
photo
The construction of pipelines is becoming more complex to deliver the high performance needed for some applications.


The construction of pipelines is becoming more complex to deliver the high performance needed for some applications. The company Flemish Water Company (VMW) has a new network of 30,600-mile pipeline, which is testing a new pipe diameter pressure to find a suitable system. Radius Systems is a pipe coated to give it more strength.

The reinforced pipe is used primarily in the Middle East. There, Firat Plastik Kaucuk HDPE pipe has developed long-fiber reinforced. PVC can be molecular, aimed at giving a new line of pipes (Molecor has developed the production of large diameter pipes, high pressure applications). And Cincinnati Extrusion has completed energy-efficient system for producing long-diameter high-pressure pipe.

The chemical resistance is very important in some water pipes and plants. Bodycote Testing Group has been reviewing test methods for resistance to chlorine of different polyolefins. PVC has a natural chemical resistance, this means there is a great advantage to the plastic tubes of high pressure.

Besides the domestic supply of plastic pipe is being used in oilfields. Wellstream International uses this type of tubes to be placed under water.

The predictions of life are critical to the industry where failure ducts must be avoided. Kiwa Gas Technology has developed a quantitative model for physical aging of PVC in gas lines. Hessel Ingenieurtechnik has examined designs using PE 100-RC in the water and gas lines to calculate the minimum service life of 100 years.

What technological advances will have an impact on the market? What is the latest innovation for the industry of the ducts? The research is extensive. From new construction to rehabilitation of pipes, plastic pipes are making multiple advances in the world.

Deutschland behauptet seine Führung in der Kunststoffindustrie

Nach einer gewissen Rückgang der deutschen Kunststoff-Industrie, der deutschen Kunststoffindustrie (WVK, für seine Abkürzung in Deutsch) will kämpfen, um die Wartung und den Status der deutschen Kunststoff-Industrie zu verbessern. Mit einem Umsatz von über 84.000 Millionen Euro und beschäftigt rund 394.000 Mitarbeiter in über 3.700 Unternehmen, die Kunststoff-Industrie ist einer der wichtigsten Sektoren der deutschen Wirtschaft: Auf ihn entfallen rund 6% des gesamten Industrie des Landes.
Schreiben PU

Die Gründungsmitglieder der deutschen Kunststoffindustrie (WVK) sind Plastics Europe Deutschland, des Verbandes Deutscher Plastics Converters (GKV), der Verband der Hersteller von Kunststoff-und Gummi-Industrie im Verband Deutscher Maschinen-und Anlagenbau (VDMA ) und BKV Plattform für die Verwertung von Kunststoffen.

WVK's Mission ist es, das Bewusstsein für die deutsche Kunststoffindustrie zu erhöhen, bestehend aus Kunststoff-Hersteller, Verarbeiter und Maschinenhersteller, zu definieren und zu gemeinsamen Positionen zu fördern, vor allem in dieser Zeit, die Interessen der gesamten Branche.
Foto
Im ersten Quartal des Jahres 2009, sah die deutsche Kunststoff-Hersteller mit ihrem Umsatz sank um 35,5% gegenüber dem Vorjahr.

Der Gründer der WVK, sagte Reinhard Proske: "Die deutsche Kunststoffindustrie ist die Nummer eins in Europa. Dies ist das wichtigste Ziel WVK für die deutsche Industrie. Wir agieren als die Wortführer der gesamten Kunststoffindustrie Kette.

Föderation der Aktivitäten liegen in den Bereichen der Energie-und Ressourceneffizienz, Umwelt-und Verbraucherschutz sowie Innovation und Ausbildung konzentriert. Über 90% der Industriebetriebe sind kleine oder mittlere Unternehmen, glaubt der Verband, die sie befähigen und zu fördern primär.

Die WVK ist Mitglied des Bundesverbandes der Deutschen Industrie (BDI), der die Interessen der Branche vertreten.
Foto
Die Föderation der Aktivitäten liegen in den Bereichen der Energie-und Ressourceneffizienz, Umwelt-und Verbraucherschutz sowie Innovation und Ausbildung konzentriert.
Enduring die "Dusche"

Im ersten Quartal des Jahres 2009, sah die deutsche Kunststoff-Hersteller mit ihrem Umsatz sank um 35,5% gegenüber dem gleichen Zeitraum des Vorjahres. Mit 36,1% fiel Inlandsverkäufe mehr als ausländische. Der Produktionsindex ist 31,4% zurückgegangen. Günter Hilken, WVK President und Mitglied der Association of Plastics Europe in Deutschland, der Ansicht, dass Kunststoffe genug haben als Folge der wirtschaftlichen Probleme nach der Krise gelitten, aber in 2010 erwarten, alles besser.

Im gleichen Zeitraum haben, Kunststoffverarbeiter, wie ihre Geschäftstätigkeit hat sich um 19,8% gesunken. Ausländische und inländische Umsatz um 23,9% bzw. 17,2% gesunken. Darüber hinaus hat der Produktionsindex 19,5% zurückgegangen.

Hersteller von Maschinen für die Kunststoff-und Kautschukindustrie haben auch Verluste, nämlich 27%. Hier haben die ausländischen Umsatz um 29% gesunken ist, sondern als nationale, 23%. Jan-Udo Kreyenborg, Vorsitzender des Verbandes der Kunststoff-und Gummimaschinen im Deutscher Ingenieure eV (VDMA), der Ansicht, dass die deutschen Exporteure von Maschinen für die Kunststoffverarbeitung auf der Welt haben hart in der Krise auf den Märkten gekämpft und hoffen, auch weiterhin tun.
Foto
Euromold 2008, Frankfurt am Main.
Demand Maßnahmen

Wie bereits in mehreren Sektoren geschehen ist, die deutsche Kunststoff-Industrie hat ein Manifest von rund 25 Seiten der Nähe der deutschen allgemeinen Wahlen, die im nächsten September stattfinden vorgestellt.

Mit diesem Dokument des Bundes erfordert politische Vision von Deutschland als ein Zentrum für die Industrie. Die Partnerschaft fordert Gesetze eine Reihe von Bedingungen zu schaffen, um das Land wieder an Attraktivität gewinnen im Hinblick auf die Investition zu machen. In diesem Dokument wird für weniger Bürokratie, eine andere Regelung und steuerliche Anreize für Forschung und Entwicklung, neben anderen Maßnahmen.

Das Dokument wurde von den Mitgliedern der Verbände von Plastics Europe Deutschland, der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Plastics Converters (GKV) und der Verband der Hersteller von Maschinen im Verband Deutscher Maschinen-und Anlagenbau (VDMA) erstellt. Das Dokument wurde dem Politiker verschiedener Parteien, die Deutschland in den Bundestag geliefert.

Sanidad cerrará colegios si la pandemia de gripe A se extiende

Jiménez asegura que las medidas se tomarán de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la OMS, que de momento dice que no altere la vida cotidiana

La ministra de Sanidad, Trinidad Jiménez, descarta que sea necesario retrasar el inicio del curso escolar por la incidencia de la Gripe A. "Las decisiones se han tomado siguiendo las recomendaciones de la OMS y la UE, que nos dicen que no es necesario alterar nuestra vida cotidiana", ha asegurado Jiménez en una entrevista en la Cadena SER, aunque ha admitido que están abiertos a que se produzcan cierres puntuales de los centros educativos si hubiera índices muy altos de acontagio en algún momento.

El titular de Educación, Ángel Gabilondo, ya manifestó el pasado fin de semana que no había ninguna razón para postergar el inicio del curso. "Lo que sabemos al día de hoy es que no hay ninguna razón para postergar o retrasar el comienzo del curso. Es más, también las organizaciones internacionales europeas han pedido que se trabaje con esa hipótesis y en esa dirección", afirmó ayer el ministro En ese sentido, Trinidad Jiménez ha apuntado que se va a reunir con Gabilondo y los consejeros de las comunidades para acordar "medidas comunes e iniciar el calendario escolar con tranquilidad".

Bajo índice de contagio

La ministra ha admitido su "preocupación" porque el virus, que hasta el momento ha dejado 12 fallecidos en España, es nuevo y no se sabe cómo se va a comportar, pero ha destacado que el índice de contagio es aún bajo. "En los picos más altos hay 60 contagiados por 100.000 habitantes. Ahora estamos en 33 por 100.000, por debajo de Reino Unido, Bélgica y Francia"

Sobre las vacunas, la ministra ha indicado que no hay certezas definitivas. "Se están fabricando, estamos en el proceso de producción y ensayo, pero hay grupos de población donde no se ha ensayado. La Agencia Europea del Medicamento puede tomar la decisión de empezar a vacunar aunque no se hayan terminado los ensayos, pero no depende de ningún Gobierno. Ningún país está en condiciones de saber cuándo tendrá la vacuna", ha afirmado.

Jiménez cree que vendrán periodos de picos altos de contagios. "Aunque la vacuna llegue más tarde, nuestra gran fortaleza es el alto nivel de excelencia de nuestro servicio sanitario", ha asegurado la ministra, para quien una de las mayores posibilidades de respuesta ante la Gripe A es la capacidad de los médicos de familia para reaccionar, una de las causas, en su opinión por las que la incidencia hasta ahora "ha sido baja".

Ziegler Co., GmbH NUEVAS MICAS Y EUROMICAS EN ESPAÑA

NUEVAS MICAS Y EUROMICAS EN ESPAÑA

Contactar con empresa

Mica Combinaciones de bario Oxido de hierro Mármol Materiales de piedra y rocalla

Fenner Precision at MD M West 2009

Germany claimed its leadership in the plastics industry

After a certain decline in the German plastics industry, the German Plastics Industry (WVK, for its acronym in German) intends to fight to maintain and improve the status of the German plastics industry. With sales of over 84,000 million euros and a workforce of about 394,000 workers in over 3,700 companies, the plastics industry is one of the most important sectors of the German economy: it represents about 6% of total industry in the country.
Writing PU

The founding members of the German Plastics Industry (WVK) are Plastics Europe Deutschland, the Association of German Plastics Converters (GKV), the Association of Machinery Manufacturers for Plastics and Rubber Industry within the German Engineering Federation (VDMA ) and BKV Platform for the Recovery of Plastics.

WVK's mission is to increase awareness of the German plastics industry, consisting of plastic manufacturers, converters and machinery manufacturers, to define and promote common positions, especially at this time, the interests of the entire industry.
photo
In the first quarter of 2009, the German plastics manufacturers saw as its turnover fell by 35.5% compared with the previous year.

The founder of the WVK, Reinhard Proske said: "The German plastics industry is number one in Europe. This is the most important goal WVK for German industry. We act as the spokesmen of the entire plastics industry chain.

Federation's activities are concentrated in the areas of energy and resource efficiency, environmental and consumer protection and innovation and training. Over 90% of the industrial companies are small or medium companies, the federation believes that empower them and promote them primary.

The WVK is a member of The Federation of German Industry (BDI), which represent the interests of the sector.
photo
The Federation's activities are concentrated in the areas of energy and resource efficiency, environmental and consumer protection and innovation and training.
Enduring the 'shower'

In the first quarter of 2009, the German plastics manufacturers saw as its turnover fell by 35.5% over the same period last year. With 36.1%, domestic sales fell more than foreign. The production index has fallen 31.4%. Günter Hilken, WVK president and member of the Association of Plastics Europe in Germany, believes that plastics have suffered enough as a result of economic problems following the crisis, but in 2010 expect everything better.

In the same period, plastic processors have seen their business has dropped by 19.8%. Foreign and domestic sales have fallen by 23.9% and 17.2% respectively. Furthermore, the production index has fallen 19.5%.

Manufacturers of machinery for plastics and rubber have also had losses, namely 27%. Here, foreign sales have fallen by 29%, rather than national, 23%. Jan-Udo Kreyenborg, president of the Association of Plastics and Rubber Machinery within the German Engineers (VDMA), believes that German exporters of machinery for plastics in the world have fought hard in the slump in the markets and hope to continue doing so.
photo
Euromold 2008, Frankfurt.
Demand measures

As has happened in several sectors, The German Plastics Industry has presented a manifesto of some 25 pages to the proximity of the German general elections, which take place next September.

With this document the federation requires political vision of Germany as a center for industry. The partnership calls for legislation to create a series of conditions to make the country a more attractive again in terms of investment. This document calls for less bureaucracy, a different regulation and tax incentives for research and development, among other measures.

The document was drafted by members of the associations of Plastics Europe Deutschland, the German Association of Plastics Converters (GKV) and the Association of manufacturers of machinery within the German Engineering Federation (VDMA). The document was delivered to politicians of various parties representing Germany in the Federal Parliament.

La guía de la gripe A para colegios, pendiente de aprobación por las Comunidades Autónomas

La guía de la gripe A para colegios, pendiente de aprobación por las Comunidades Autónomas

La guía de recomendaciones para prevenir la gripe A en los centros escolares, elaborada por la Comisión de Salud Pública, está "terminada", a falta de que los directores de salud de las CC.AA. den su "aprobación definitiva" al documento, según especificó la ministra de Sanidad, Trinidad Jiménez.

A preguntas de los periodistas al término de la firma del acuerdo para regular la publicidad sobre alimentos destinada a los menores, Jiménez señaló que "la base del trabajo en este proceso" depende del "acuerdo y la colaboración de todos" para que la guía "se pueda implantar y usar en todo el territorio español".

Por ello, la ministra reiteró este lunes que el documento estará finalizado "en el plazo acordado" con el ministro de Educación, Ángel Gabilondo, en la reunión mantenida la semana pasada en la Conferencia Sectorial de Educación.

En este encuentro, los ministerios de Educación y Política Social también acordaron crear una Comisión de seguimiento para analizar la situación y la posible evolución de la gripe A en los centros escolares, tanto españoles como europeos. Asimismo, decidieron por unanimidad continuar con el calendario escolar establecido y no retrasar el inicio del curso.

Rajiv Plastic nuevos masterbatch en España

Rajiv Plastic son uno del color principal de Asia y de los fabricantes compuestos aditivos de Masterbatch y del polímero. Incorporado en los últimos años 70, la compañía ha estado proporcionando un nivel avanzado de soluciones a la industria de proceso plástica siempre el cambiar y las necesidades desafiadoras.

RPI utiliza las tecnologías más últimas en maquinaria, el R&D, y los materiales juntados con una abundancia del talento y de la experiencia para permanecer a continuación.

Aquí están algunos hechos rápidos en quiénes somos y lo que lo hacemos –

• Establecido adentro 1978: Celebración de 30 años de servicio dedicado
• 3 que fabrican instalaciones con una capacidad instalada de 18000 MTPA
• Solamente Masterbatch fabricante en Asia con la capacidad de fabricar específico de la resina masterbatches para más de 32 diversas resinas que incluye la ingeniería plásticos tales como PC, PMMA, PA 6, PA 6-6, SAN, ABS, PES, etc.
• Sobre 1200 clientes en más de 40 diversos países
• Aprobado vendedores a las compañías multinacionales en los productos de la casa, eléctricos Aplicaciones, productos de consumo, construcción y OEM automotor y automotor segmentos.
• ISO 9001:2000 certificado y profesionalmente funcionamiento
• Reconocido cerca el gobierno de la India como casa prestigiosa de la exportación de la estrella
• Nuestra marca de fábrica sinónimo con nuestra comisión a la calidad, Consistencia y confiabilidad.

Nos especializamos adentro:

• Color y Masterbatches aditivo para los plásticos de la materia
• Color y Masterbatches aditivo para los plásticos de la ingeniería
• compuestos Pre-coloreados de la ingeniería
• Composición del peaje

Contactar con empresa

Rubber mold, molde de caucho, mold making, silicon mold, poliurethane mother mold, moule, (1)