Como construir un panel solar

Las características de este panel solar son, 60w de potencia, 3A de corriente y 12v de tensión, por poco más de 70 €, cuando uno en tiendas de estas mismas características supera perfectamente los 400 €, nada que envidiar vamos. http://thechemistrysideoftheforce.blogspot.com/

¿Qué es un panel solar? Es básicamente una caja que contiene un conjunto de células solares. Las células solares son las que hacen el trabajo real de convertir la luz solar en electricidad. Sin embargo, hace falta una gran cantidad de células para crear una potencia significativa, y son muy frágiles, por lo que las células individuales se montan en paneles con varias de ellas. Los paneles tienen suficientes células para hacer una buena cantidad de energía y proteger, a su vez, las células de los elementos.

Se puede llegar a unas cuantas conclusiones:

- El principal problema en la construcción de paneles solares es la adquisición de celdas solares a un precio razonable.

- Estas células solares podrían servir de la misma manera que las que están en perfecto estado.

- Las células solares nuevas, son muy caras, e incluso difícil de encontrar en cantidad a cualquier precio.

- Las células solares dañadas están disponibles en Ebay y otros lugares por un precio más asequible.

He comprado un par de bloques de células de 3×6 pulgadas mono-cristalino. Se necesita un total de 36 de este tipo de células solares conectadas en serie para hacer un panel completo. Cada célula produce aproximadamente medio voltio. 36 paneles de estos darían aproximadamente unos 18 v que nos servirían para cargar baterías de 12 v (las de coche vamos), (Sí, necesitas estos 18 v para poder cargar efectivamente una batería de 12 v). Este tipo de célula solar es tan fina como el papel y tan frágil como el vidrio. Son muy fáciles de romper.

El vendedor de las células solares, sumerge estas en una especie de cera protectora para evitar que se rompan. Si compra células que no se pueden sumergir en esta cera, tenga en cuenta que pueden sufrir mayores desperfectos a la hora del transporte. Observe que estas células tienen unas lengüetas de metal, mi recomendación es que las compre con ellas incluidas para así ahorrar tiempo y trabajo de soldadura (también posibles daños innecesarios).

Obtuve también otro lote de células que no venían sumergidas en cera, estas células venían en una caja de plástico. Que con el movimiento del transporte, se golpearon contra la caja y dañaron un poco los bordes y esquinas de las mismas. Estos pequeños daños no importan demasiado, no reduce en gran medida la producción de la célula. Era consciente de que podría haber algún tipo de rotura, así que compre células para hacer dos paneles.

Existen muchos tipos de tamaños de células además del 3 x 6 pulgadas. Puedes utilizar el tamaño que mejor te parezca para la fabricación de tu panel, simplemente tienes que tener algunas cosas en cuenta:

- Las células del mismo tipo producen el mismo voltaje no importa de que tamaño sean. Por lo tanto, siempre serán el mismo número de células.

- Las células más grandes producen más corriente (amperios) y las células más pequeñas producen menos corriente.

- La potencia total de su panel está determinada por la fórmula, P (potencia) = V (voltaje) x I (intensidad).

Por lo tanto, el uso de células grandes, dará mayor potencia, pero el conjunto será más pesado y el uso de células más pequeñas hará más ligero el panel, pero producirá menos. Además, no es recomendable juntar células de diferentes tamaños. Esto hará que las más pequeñas limiten su panel con lo que las más grandes no funcionarán a máxima potencia.

Estas células de 3×6 pulgadas, tienen una intensidad de 3 A . Como dije antes, puse 36 de estas en serie para obtener 18 v más o menos. Haciendo los cálculos, con estas características deberíamos obtener unos 60 W de potencia con un sol normal. En principio no parece mucho, pero el uso principal de este panel será, funcionar durante todo el día para alimentar unas baterías que luego darán unas cuantas horas de luz durante la noche. Cuando compres las células y las tengas en casa, asegurate de guardarlas en un lugar seguro alejado de niños y mascotas para que no se partan y no te sirvan para nada.

Un panel solar es en realidad un cuadrado perfecto, en este caso dos cuadrados perfectos. Hice el panel de manera que los bordes del mismo no hicieran sombra a las células. Está hecho con una placa de madera de 3/8 pulgadas de espesor de madera contrachapada, más piezas de ¾ x ¾ en los bordes. Las piezas son pegadas y se atornillan en el lugar. El panel completo tendrá 36 células de 3 x 6 pulgadas. Preferí hacer dos grupos de 18 células cada uno para hacer más fácil el montaje. Por lo tanto, debe de haber un divisor en el medio de ambos paneles y encajar a la perfección en los huecos.

Este es el boceto que hice para que veáis las dimensiones exactas de cada parte del panel. Todas las dimensiones son en pulgadas. Las piezas ¾ x ¾ van alrededor de todo el panel y dividiéndolo por el centro. Esta es la manera en la que decidí hacerlo, siéntete libre de cambiar algo, ya que no afectará en nada a su funcionamiento.

Aquí está una muestra de cerca de la mitad del panel principal. Este tendrá 18 células en su interior. Véase los agujeros de la parte inferior del panel (si, esa es la parte de abajo). Se trata de agujeros de ventilación para mantener la presión del aire en el interior del panel, igualada con la del exterior y para dejar escapar la humedad. Estos agujeros deben estar en la parte inferior del panel o la lluvia o el rocío podrían dañarlo al entrar dentro. También debe haber agujeros de ventilación en el centro divisor entre los dos sub-grupos.

El siguiente punto fue cortar dos piezas de madera agujereada y colocarlas a la perfección en el interior de ambos huecos. Estas piezas servirán de sustento para ambos sub-paneles. Deberá ir atornillada. Si usted no tiene este tipo de madera a mano, puede utilizar cualquier otro tipo de material parecido que no sea conductor de la corriente.

Para proteger las células solares de las inclemencias del tiempo, el panel tendrá un plexiglás encima. Aquí usé dos trozos de plexiglás que tenía por ahí tirado. Podría usarse también cristal, pero es mucho más frágil. Este sería el resultado sin las células montadas.

En esta foto podéis ver como se ha roto el borde del plexiglás en el divisor del centro mientras estaba perforando con una broca de 1 pulgada. Tened cuidado al trabajar por estas zonas ya que son lugares muy delicados.

Acto seguido, le he dado varias capas de pintura a todo el conjunto de maderas para protegerlas de las inclemencias del tiempo y de la humedad. El porqué de la elección del color no es otro que la disponibilidad de esa pintura en mi garaje.

Ahora que está la estructura del panel terminada, ha llegado el momento de dejar listas las células solares.

Como he dicho anteriormente, la obtención de las células solares con cera fue un verdadero dolor de cabeza. Después de algún ensayo y error, encontré una forma que funciona bastante bien. Sin embargo, yo recomendaría comprar células que no vinieran sumergidas en cera para el transporte. El primer paso es un baño en agua caliente para derretir la cera y separar las células unas de otras. No deje que hierva el agua o las burbujas golpearan las células unas con otras bruscamente. Asimismo, hervir el agua puede causar que las conexiones de las células se separen. También recomiendo poner el bloque de células en el agua fría y, poco a poco, calentar el agua hasta justo antes de llegar al punto de ebullición (100ºC), para así evitar golpes violentos de calor. Ten a mano unas pinzas para ir sacando con cuidado las células del agua. Trate de no tirar demasiado fuerte de las pestañas de metal para no romperlas. En mi opinión, esta es la peor manera de separar las células, pero no tenía otro remedio.

Esta foto muestra la configuración completa que usé. El primer baño de agua caliente para la fusión de la cera es el de la parte trasera derecha. A la izquierda, en frente, está el baño de agua caliente y jabón. A la derecha, también en frente, está el baño de agua caliente. Todos se encuentran en las ollas justo antes del punto de ebullición. Primero pondríamos los bloques de células en la olla de arriba a la derecha, para fundir toda la cera, después lo meteríamos en el de abajo a la izquierda, que contiene jabón, y por último lo metemos en la última olla para limpiar los restos que queden, esta olla contiene agua caliente únicamente. Secaremos las células con una toalla. Recomiendo que cambies el agua frecuentemente por agua limpia. Si aún así, después de este proceso, queda algún resto de cera, puedes darle con un poco de disolvente.

En esta foto tenemos las células secándose, en este punto, son muy frágiles y tenemos que tener mucho cuidado a la hora de manipularlas. Ahora es el momento de montar las células en el panel.

En primer lugar dibujé con un lápiz una cuadrícula con las 18 células en el panel agujereado dónde las colocaremos más adelante. Más tarde las coloqué boca abajo para poder soldarlas entre ellas. Debemos soldarlas en serie y después buscar la manera de unir ambos bloques. Sueldala como ves en la imagen y asegurate de que el espacio que dejas entre célula y célula sea el mismo para el resto.

Usa un soldador de baja potencia y dale un repaso de estaño antes de empezar a soldar para hacerlo más fácil, dale poco a poco para no romperla o sobrecalentarla, y no empujes mucho tampoco.

Repetí el paso anterior dos veces más hasta tener 3 filas de 6 células cada una, que hace un total de 18 células que forma la mitad del panel completo.

Los 3 grupos de 6 células deben ser conectados en serie, así que debemos colocar la del medio al revés (girada 180º). Tened en cuenta que las tenemos boca abajo, así que deberemos ver cual es la posición que querremos para cuando estén en su posición original.

El encolado de las células es un poco difícil debido a la fragilidad de las mismas. Pon una pequeña gota de silicona caliente en el centro de cada célula y ve pegandola poco a poco en el panel agujereado que teníamos guardado (siguiendo la cuadrícula dibujada, por supuesto). Presiona un poco en cada célula para que se adiera mejor. Es recomendable otro par de manos para esta labor.

No utilice demasiado pegamento, ni por cualquier sitio, únicamente en sus centros. Así tendrá más movilidad para los sobrecalentamientos y la dilatación. Si le pones demasiado pegamento y las dejas fijas, lo más seguro es que se fisuren con el tiempo.

Aquí está la mitad del panel terminado.

Para la interconexión de las líneas de células, he usado hilo de cobre trenzado, uno por arriba y otro por abajo en la imagen. Luego puedes fijarlo con un poco de silicona caliente.

Esta es la primera prueba que hice con la mitad del panel, como veis, casi sin sol, da un poco más de la mitad de tensión que el grupo entero (9,31v), eso es bueno. Ahora lo único que tenía que hacer es montar otro como ese.

Cuando tenga los dos paneles completos, puedo interconectarlos entre si en serie y montarlos en el cajón de madera.

En cada lado del panel, dejé un hueco para poder colocar unos tornillos que me ayudarían a anclarlos firmemente al tablón, son cuatro en total por cada medio panel.

¿Os acordáis de los agujeros de ventilación entre paneles?, pues esos son los huecos que he utilizado para interconectar un panel con el otro. Otra vez más, cuando los tengamos interconectados, fijaremos todos los cables con silicona caliente.

Cada sistema de energía solar necesita un diodo de bloqueo en serie con los paneles para evitar que el panel descargue las baterías por la noche o en días muy nublados. En este caso he utilizado un diodo Schottky con un aguante de 3,3 amperios. Este tipo de diodos tienen una menor perdida que los diodos rectificadores, por eso la razón de usarlos. Cada vatio cuenta. Compré por Ebay 25 diodos Schottky 31DQ03 por poco dinero.

En un principio mi plan era montar el diodo en serie con el cable positivo fuera del cajón, pero después, leyendo las especificaciones del diodo, me di cuenta que era más eficiente cuanto más caliente estuviera, así que lo monté dentro. Un poco de silicona para fijarlo y listo.

Hice un agujero en la parte posterior-superior del tablón para pasar los cables de salida. El nudo es para evitar que se rompan las conexiones por algún tirón, un poco de silicona y listo.

Es importante que se deje secar totalmente la silicona caliente antes de colocar el plexiglás, ya que los vapores de la silicona, pueden crear una fina capa por la parte interior del plexiglás que atenúe la entrada del sol.

Pondremos más silicona caliente en la salida del cable.

Por último, lo único que necesitamos es poner el enchufe que más nos convenga en el extremo de los cables, y empezar a usarlo!!!

Aquí esta el panel terminado con el plexiglás atornillado pero no sellado por si había que hacer alguna reparación después de la prueba de fuego. Después de probado podemos sellarlo con lo que más nos guste, silicona, cinta o cualquier otro adhesivo.

La prueba de fuego da una tensión excelente (18,88v con sol de invierno y sin meterle carga). La intensidad también es muy buena (3 A con las mismas condiciones).

Ahora os muestro una lista de cuanto os puede costar aproximadamente:

¿El qué?	¿De dónde?	¿Cuánto?
Células solares	Ebay	$ 74,00 = 53 €
Trozos de Madera	Tienda.	$ 20.62 = 14,72 €
Plexiglás	Ya lo tenía.	$ 0,00
Tornillos varios	Ya los tenía.	$ 0,00
Silicona	Tienda.	$ 3,95 = 2,82 €
Cable	Ya lo tenía.	$ 0,00
Diodo	Ebay.	$ 0,20 ± = 0,14 €
Enchufe	Tienda.	$ 6,08 = 4,34 €
Pintura	Ya lo tenía.	$ 0,00
Total		$ 104,85 = 74,86 €

Y ahora al campo a probarlo, bonito ¿eh?:

Apple has suffered a kind of evil eye with iPhone 4, as the accumulation of nonsense associated with its new terminal seems to be endless.

Someone might start thinking that Apple has suffered a kind of evil eye with iPhone 4, as the accumulation of nonsense associated with its new terminal seems to be endless. Curious is as well that all this would not affect their sales. Now it is the turn of the Bumpers, silicone protectors that Apple gives to all owners of iPhone in April, to solve the problem of loss of coverage. It turns out that many iPhone users are sending four complaints to Apple Bumpers related scratches. Removing the bumper to clean the phone many users have noticed your phone scratched at the ends. http://thechemistrysideoftheforce.blogspot.com/ The story with the Bumpers does not end there, because for Nick Bilton, one of the editors of The New York Times, these silicone sleeves are not very effective. He himself proved when he recently accidentally your iPhone in April fell to the ground and saw its screen is cracked on all sides. This has two obvious explanations, the first is that although the Bumper translation is something like "bumper" not protected enough and falls lottery may ruin our phone in a second. The second explanation is that the new iPhone screen 4 is a priori much more resilient than previously employed polycarbonate. However, it is stronger if we talk about scratches, because when the four broken iPhone screen, it is in pieces and in different areas, that when the polycarbonate lie fell, suffered a small cut into the glass. So be very careful in thinking that the bumper is a bulletproof vest for our iPhone in April, be careful with the terminal fall seems more fragile than we were told. So far Apple has not made any statement regarding the Bumpers.

quimica - chemistry: The Coda Automotive all-electric sedan

the handful of electric vehicles that FedEx is testing are wonderful, offering sufficient range and one-third the operating cost.

But because an electric truck costs three or four times more than a conventional truck, FedEx's worldwide fleet of all-electrics is only 19 out of about 40,000 trucks.

"We want those trucks. We believe in energy independence," said Jackson, vice president of FedEx environmental affairs and sustainability. "We have a deep belief in electrification, but the capital (needed) has inhibited us to what we have now."

So it goes for so many consumers and businesses considering electric vehicles. The smooth and peppy acceleration of electric motors makes for a good driving experience, fueling up is cheaper, and owning a plug-in reduces imported oil and carbon emissions.

But for electric vehicles to break out beyond early technology adapters, battery prices need to fall dramatically--to about half where they are today in the coming years--said auto executives at the Fortune Brainstorm Green conference here. Cost reductions are expected to come from higher scale manufacturing and technology improvements.

"By mid-decade I have high confidence that we (as an industry) will establish (battery) cell production in the U.S.," said Tony Posawatz, the vehicle line director for the Chevy Volt. "The simple fact of producing cells with shorter transport takes likely hundreds of dollars out of the cost of pack."

Overall, the sentiment at the conference is that electric vehicles, although still not a mass-market product, are going to make a commercial impact. The question is how quickly cost reductions can spur sales, with some more confident than others.

"Within a very short period of time, we can get to parity with gasoline vehicles on the curve we've seen (of battery improvements) over the last 10 years," said Li Lu, one of the investors in BYD, a Chinese company that plans to bring an electric sedan to the U.S. "There will be a time that people will say, 'Why do we bother with gasoline cars?'"

Warren Buffett, chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, is one of the investors in BYD, which has been manufacturing batteries for electronics for years. BYD, which is testing electric taxis in China, is said to have developed a car with a 200-mile range.

Too much attention for EVs?
One of the main drivers for electric vehicles is the lower emissions they promise as compared with gasoline engines. By making power generation cleaner, there is the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from autos by 75 percent by going electric, said David Sokol, who is chairman of Berkshire unit MidAmerican Energy Holdings and is considered a likely successor to Buffett at Berkshire Hathaway.

But not everyone believes that electric vehicles deserve all the attention they get, particularly when it comes to government incentives and subsidies. Vinod Khosla, who is perhaps the most high-profile green-tech investor, is putting money into biofuels and improvements to the internal combustion engine, which could become 30 percent to 50 percent more efficient.

"I believe (biofuels) is the single most economic way to get to low-carbon transportation," he said at the conference. "All this focus on fundamentally uneconomic batteries has reduced investor interest in improving the internal combustion engine."

FedEx is testing these delivery cabs in Paris. They are pedal-powered but assisted by an electric motor.

(Credit: Martin LaMonica/CNET)

Because of the higher costs of hybrids and electric vehicles, they are unlikely to meet the so-called "China price," or be affordable enough for consumers in India and China, where the bulk of new cars sales will be in the next 20 years.

In the U.S., automakers are testing their cars to find what works and doesn't with customers. BMW for the past several months has been testing the Mini-E with customer and found that the 100-mile range is sufficient for most drivers, but that the task of installing charging stations needs to be streamlined significantly, said Tom Baloga, vice president of engineering for BMW North America.

Nissan will start taking orders for the all-electric Leaf later this month and General Motors has started manufacturing battery packs for the Volt, which will go on sale later this year. The Leaf will cost $33,000 before state and federal incentives.

Start-up Coda Automotive will begin selling an electric sedan with a slightly longer range than the Leaf in California later this year. Coda's sedan will cost around $35,000 after state and federal subsidies. When cost of fuel is considered into the equation, the Coda sedan is the equivalent of buying a compact that costs just less than $30,000, according to Coda CEO Kevin Czinger.

"When talking to potential customers, we have to be transparent about whether the car is for them," said Czinger. Coda plans to have applications that consumers to fill out to calculate daily driving and monthly fuel costs. "We want it to be priced for everyday people and for everyday use."

The Coda Automotive all-electric sedan, which is set for release in the fourth quarter, can go about 100 miles on a charge and will cost about $35,000 after subsidies.

Endesa prevee poner puntos de recarga eléctrica en los parkings de los centros comerciales

http://thechemistrysideoftheforce.blogspot.com/

Los coches eléctricos cada vez tienen más presencia en las ciudades, lo que abre un nuevo mercado para las compañías eléctricas, ya que estos automóviles -que se abastecen con electricidad en lugar de gasolina- necesitan de unos postes de recarga para su funcionamiento. En esta línea está trabajando Endesa, que ya cuenta con estos puntos llamados electrolineras en ciudades como Madrid, Valencia y Sevilla y que ahora está estudiando instalar en Córdoba en los aparcamientos públicos. El director de Endesa en la provincia, Alfredo Rodríguez, aseguró que la compañía "está al servicio de todos los ayuntamientos que los soliciten" y, aunque el Consistorio cordobés todavía no ha hecho ninguna propuesta, la idea de Endesa es presentar su propio proyecto al igual que ha hecho en otras ciudades españolas. La explotación de estos puntos -que se conocen como electrolineras- no tiene por qué recaer en Endesa ya que la liberalización del mercado permite ahora elegir la compañía. En este sentido, Rodríguez apuntó que la idea de la eléctrica que representa es hacerse cargo de los puntos de recarga en Córdoba, pero que el Ayuntamiento tendrá la última palabra.

En caso de prosperar la propuesta, los aparcamientos que podrían contar con este sistema serían el ubicado en la avenida de la Victoria, los del Vial Norte o el parking de Puerta Sevilla. Según los datos facilitados por las empresas automovilísticas especializadas en este tipo de motor, en Córdoba hay aproximadamente unos 300 coches híbridos, que necesitarían de estas recargas. Además, es la provincia española con mayor flota de taxis de este tipo, ya que aproximadamente el 10% del parque público cuenta con estos motores. Una de las grandes ventajas de los híbridos es que permiten aprovechar un 30% de la energía que generan, mientras que un vehículo convencional de gasolina tan sólo utiliza un 19%. Esta mejora de la eficiencia se consigue gracias a las baterías, que almacenan energía que en los sistemas convencionales de propulsión se pierde.

La implantación de los postes de recarga es una realidad en grandes ciudades como Barcelona, donde habrá 400 puntos a finales del año que viene, o en Valencia, donde hay contabilizados un centenar. La intención de El Corte Inglés, por ejemplo, es incluir un poste de recarga gratuito en los parking de todos su centros comerciales y en los establecimientos de El Ejido (Almería) o en Murcia ya es una realidad. Además de Endesa, Iberdrola Repsol, ACS, FCC o Acciona están tomando posiciones y preparando alianzas para abordar experiencias pilotos en esta primera fase. En Málaga, Endesa junto a otro grupo de instituciones lidera un proyecto único en España que tiene como objetivo precisamente estudiar fórmulas para reducir el consumo eléctrico.

El utilitario eléctrico City, del fabricante noruego Think, es el líder del mercado español de turismos eléctricos al haber matriculado 15 unidades en

http://thechemistrysideoftheforce.blogspot.com/

El utilitario eléctrico City, del fabricante noruego Think, es el líder del mercado español de turismos eléctricos al haber matriculado 15 unidades en el primer semestre del año, con una previsión para el final del ejercicio de 230 unidades más.

Last news of the electric cars

http://thechemistrysideoftheforce.blogspot.com/

Vitoria undisputed Toyota Prius, among which a Seat Ibiza Ecomotive sneaks led by Antonio Zanini, plus an outstanding eighth place for the electric Tesla, an electric three participants in this event capable of rising to more than 500 miles of test, scoring for the championship of the FIA.
But the Basque Country currently not only starred in this Eco Rally, because from Amsterdam came the news that the City Council has asked the consortium "Hirik, driving mobility" a study detailing the possibilities to implement the electric vehicle "Hirik 'that place in the Parque Tecnológico de Álava.
Electric cars for transportation off

In the opinion of Carlos Fernandez Isoird, Technical Coordinator of the project, Hirik "convinces the big cities" because it relies on the idea of "build fleets of electric cars for cities with the possibility of occasional use for specific shipments."
The basic idea is to rent these cars for a trip within the city and park after destination for someone else to use it again, explained the project coordinator.
Stock Photo of a car driving mobility Hirik

EFE / Arno Burgi

The electric car project "Hirik, driving mobility" (Mobility in city driving) is promoted by a Basque business group and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)).
This is a small size electric two-seater that can reach fifty miles per hour, with a range of 120 km and whose batteries can be recharged in twelve minutes.
The new vehicle will not require assembly as traditional cars, but its seven modules can be assembled in any plant in the world duty free.
In addition to four wheel steering, the vehicle will collapse when parking and space where it enters a traditional utility will enter three of this model.
The developers estimate that the first prototype will be ready next year and its retail price could be around nine thousand euros.
Plug-in hybrid vehicle

On the other hand, Fisker Automotive plug-in hybrid vehicles produce Nina at a plant in the town of Wilmington (Delaware, USA) acquired General Motors (GM) for an amount of 20 million dollars (15.5 million euros).
The resources for this operation of the Wilmington plant come from the 528.7 million dollars (409.2 million euros) of public funds that the Department of Energy of the United States has assigned to this maker of mobile alternative energy vehicles .
Stock Photo of a Fisker Karma

EFE / Tannen Maury

The purchase of this plant, which occupies an area of 300,000 square meters has been formalized through Liquidation Motors Company (MLC), the holding company established by GM in the bankruptcy proceedings.
Fisker, with this acquisition, will create about 2,000 jobs and plans to devote half of production to exports.
Fisker Automotive, founded in 2007, with headquarters in Irvine, California location is an American premium car company with a business management led to the production of environmentally friendly vehicles.
The first model of the company is the Fisker Karma, the first premium plug-in hybrid electric vehicle in the world.
Honda Motor second Japanese automaker, announced last week that in 2012 sold in Japan and the United States a hybrid electric vehicle and plug-in "in order to expand its line of cars with low emissions.
Honda, maker of the hybrid "Insight" which competes with the blockbuster "Prius" Toyota intends to make several models that combine gasoline and electric engine in Japan within a year.
Batteries that can be loaded at home

Honda hybrids on the market 'Insight' and 'CR-Z "but this is the first time announced that market an electric vehicle and hybrid plug-in", whose battery can be charged at home.
Seat in September will release a new version of its model green Ecomotive sales leader, the Ibiza, which approved CO2 emissions of 89 g / km and a consumption of 3.4 liters per hundred kilometers.
The new Seat Ibiza Ecomotive equipped with a 1.2-liter diesel engine with 75 horsepower, which incorporates the automatic start / stop or start and stop with energy recovery system and particle filter.
In this version with ecological benefits most competitive segment that fits the Ibiza will be a choice in the three forms of bodywork is marketed: the five-door, the sport coupe (SC) three-door and sport tourer ( ST) or family.
Photo of Ibiza Ecomotive Seat

EFE / Susi Sáez

The standard equipment includes electronic control systems Dynamic ABS, ESP, TCS + EBA, in addition to the wizard start assist outstanding loss control and tire pressure airbag driver, passenger and head-thorax.
The sales price of this version of the Seat Ibiza Ecomotive, part of the EUR 15 818 SC Release Reference finish and finish at 16 876 ST family of finish also Reference.
In the world of conventional car last week gave him with some ads, like the price of the new luxury sedan from Infiniti, the M37, the first step is at 51 614 euros.
This first step is complemented by the GT version or equipment in comfort, which is in charge EUR 55 355, and S, more sports philosophy, which reaches 57 952 euros.
GT and S versions can be ordered exclusively equipped Premium prices leaving 61 693 and 64 291 euros, respectively.
The range of launch of the Infiniti M37 equipped with a V6 petrol engine of 3.7 liters, develops 320 hp, can accelerate from 0-100 km / h in 6.2 seconds, reaching an electronically limited speed of 250 km / h , consuming 10.2 liters at a hundred miles and emit 235 g / km of CO2. .
To this are added the diesel engine M30d scheduled for October, and the hybrid M35h for spring 2011.
Seat has also announced pricing for the new generation of Alhambra MPV, which will, in the fall, between 30 300 and 39 550 euros, even if you can place orders.
The range starts with a gasoline engine and two diesel. The first one has the 1.4 TSI (direct injection) of 150 hp. In the second cycle may be eligible for the same cylinder 2.0 TDI and powers of 140 and 170 hp.
All versions of the range are Ecomotive and Alhambra Ecomotive Technology, including the civil Start / Stop and the system of energy recovery, in addition to complying with the rules Euro5.
It includes the option of an automatic gearbox DSG dual-clutch six-speed Diesel in the two versions.
Stock Photo of a Toyota Prius

AP / Everett Kennedy Brown

The new Alhambra is available in two finishes: Reference and Style and offers a standard equipment from the basic version, which consists of seven airbags (two front, two side, two curtain and a driver's knee), control ESP + EBA, witnessed loss of tire pressure, among others.
On the list of options include sliding side doors and rear gate open / close electric, rear side airbags, Bi-Xenon headlights with AFS, the parking aid system "Park Assist and browser Seat Media System
Outwardly extending its length (4.85 meters) in 22 cm on the previous version, and the width at 9 centimeters.
The luggage compartment offers a capacity of 809 liters in the format with five seats, expandable to 2430 seats all killed.
The seats of the second-and third-row disappear underground, leaving the floor level, through the Easy-Fold system, easy folding
Volkswagen has announced the sale on the Spanish market in October, the new generation, one quarter, their Caddy commercial.
Fourth generation Caddy

The fourth-generation Caddy introduces six new engines, in which changes have taken place to reduce consumption by 21% compared to the predecessor.
In cycle power diesel fork runs between 75, 102, 110 and 140 horsepower, while fuel options are limited to TSI (direct injection) 1.2 liter with different powers of 86 and 105 hp, which is added 109 hp 2.0 EcoFuel
As seen most outstanding developments include the new front in the style of recent models of the brand as the pick up truck Amarok and T5.
The interior offers the solution of a removable second-row seats in all versions, in the case of five-seat version, generates a load capacity up to 3030 liters roof, which in the case of the Caddy Maxi reach the 3880.
The Caddy Maxi is equipped with flexible seating package "Plus", which can cause the load to the place where the passenger was extended to 3 meters and reaches to 4.7 cubic meters.
The new Caddy is available with a third row of seats as an option (standard on the Caddy Maxi Trendline and Comfortline) to become a seven-seat vehicle
Among the safety equipment and mechanical systems include ESP stability control, the DSG automatic gearbox six or seven relations, as well as restraint on the hill start and 4Motion AWD.
As for the engines,
The Caddy is kept available in the van and combi versions, designed for highly professional use, making up 70% in sales volume.
There will be three trim levels, Access or Startline, middle Trendline (replacement of the Life) and the upper Comfortline.
It will also be available at the leisure version Tramper, which will also have more long Maxi body.
The Abarth 695 launches in Spain

Finally, Abarth 695 launch in Spain, which qualifies as a limited special series, identified under the name "Ferrari Tribute."
With this special edition, whose sale price has not yet been set, the mark of the scorpion is seeking closer ties with the legendary producer of the Italian town of Maranello.
The 695 Abarth "Tribute Ferrari", which takes the body of the city 500, equipped with a 1.4 Turbo T-Jet 16-valve cylinder head, which delivers an output of 180 hp.
The engine is combined with a change Abarth Competition MTA (Manual Transmission Automated), electro-hydraulically operated and two operating modes: manual and automatic.
The 695 Abarth "Ferrari Tribute" is distinguished externally by the special body colors: red Corsa, Modena yellow, blue and gray titanium Abu Dhabi.
It added carbon side mirrors, chrome rims and gray front air intakes, xenon headlights with dipped beam function and road, and sides, are drawn the symbols of this unique series.
The interior features leather seats and Alcantara, with housing and carbon pad base, while the steering wheel, three-spoke leather base is flat. EFE

The photograph illustrating this information is file
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Mercedes Benz coupe creates a "gullwing" all-electric. With an output of 392 kilowatts the new model from the German company accelerates from 0 to 100

The last dream of Mercedes Benz will also be greener. The car for the brand, the coupe 'gullwing' that recalls the 1957 300SL, electrical and may also compete in beauty and performance with its petrol siblings. The challenge has been taken by the department AMG, specializing in the German company in high performance vehicles.


The new electric model called E-CELL AMG SLS and has zero direct emissions. Its four electric engines develop a total power of 392 kW with maximum torque of 880 Nm. The engines spin up to 12,000 revolutions per minute and everyone takes to transmit the force to a wheel. Its position, next to them, is able to reduce the unsprung masses. Accelerates from zero to 100 km per hour in four seconds, almost like the 6.3-liter V8 to 571 horses, it takes 3.8. His ability to accelerate without interruptions and lack of vibration along with the permanent four-wheel drive wheels offer a decent driving characteristics of a super sports car.


The "gull-wing" has a high voltage battery lithium ion liquid cooled with an energy of 48 kWh and a capacity of 40 ampere-hour (Ah). The battery load is 480 kW, a reference in electric cars. An intelligent parallel circuit for each battery module increases security, reliability and durability. During braking, energy is generated that is stored. Two independent refrigeration circuits maintain proper temperature of the engines and other components, even the most severe conditions. Another cooling system cools the battery modules. Under conditions of low outside temperatures, heating system warms the battery to the optimum operating temperatures.


The four engines and two transmissions are close to the wheels and a very low position. The battery is located in front along the central tunnel and behind seats. This ensures optimal weight distribution and low center of gravity, ideal conditions to ensure a great dynamism on the road, shared with the gasoline version. The system of quattro permanent four-wheel has been obliged to change the front axle over the petrol model. Faced with a superimposed double wishbone suspension now has multilink independent suspension with shock absorbers with suspenders "pushrod" in order to accommodate new mechanical elements of the front-wheel drive system.


Thanks to this front, amply proven in competition, agility and power behavior is the same level as the V8 engine. Another difference is the operation of the power steering is electro-hydraulics. To stop him, he has used the ceramic disc brakes, optional on the petrol model, guaranteeing maximum braking efficiency. These discs weigh 40% less than conventional.

Design changes
Outwardly he did some light, but effective, aesthetic changes. In the front headlights highlight 'led', which require less energy than standard bi-xenon. The grille has a new grille design with horizontal slats, as well as side air intakes and hood for improved aerodynamics. The chrome body parts have been replaced by others in matte black. The front apron is greater and easier flow of air under the car. This improves air resistance and reduce downforce. Combined with the integrated spoiler on the trunk lid, which comes automatically to exceed 120 km / h, steady progress of the coupé at high speeds.

They create a protective recycled rubber StumbleUpon

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Reduce injuries on the roads and in turn difficult to reuse materials degradation is the aim of the teacher, lawyer and tax adviser Almogía (Málaga) Francisco Caro, who has patented a shield designed to StumbleUpon manufactured with recycled rubber tires.

The system consists of two cylinders, embedded in the guardrail, rotated 45 degrees up to receive the impact of the accident and tuck him in a way that prevents its movement towards the rail and thus the risk of being struck by another vehicle.

According to Caro explained, this guard was reduced from one hundred to twenty percent of injuries caused by traffic accidents StumbleUpon such as amputation of limbs, quadriplegia or even death.

Although it could be manufactured in any material-mentioned "your project is geared towards developing a recycled product of the rubber wheels of vehicles, so its cost is" very low "and amounts to four euros per guard .

Caro pointed out that the time of manufacture of these devices has been estimated at some 2,500 molds per hour and its placement would be "quick and clean" and can be installed on existing roads and in new construction.

In addition to serving for the protection of StumbleUpon, the system "improves the signaling of the road" and set "in design and regulation" to the current signs posted by the General Directorate of Traffic, said Caro.

Similarly, the creator of these shields StumbleUpon proposed use as advertising displays in urban road traffic slow.

Caro has also stressed the creation of jobs created from the manufacture of this system through the installation of recycling and manufacturing plants in locations with high rates of unemployment.

5 iPhone: rumors of the next generation of iPod mini and iPhone IPAD

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IPAD mini iphone 5Desde 7 iLounge have made an interesting compilation of all the rumors and leaks that allow us to get an idea of what will be the post-Apple iPhone 4. Details of the new iPods, which could see the light to three new models in September, a new model of IPAD 7-inch screen, the first signs of the iPhone in May and a new generation to solve the Bumpers covers made of silicone would antennagate the next steps of the California.

With the iPhone 4 hot yet produced a rush in the factories of Apple, users always mavericks, we're looking at the next device that will provide the Cupertino company. While there will be such notable developments as the emergence of new devices like the IPAD, from iLounge have gathered the latest data that allow us to make us a road map of what may be 2011 for the followers of the Apple devices.

IPAD mini, iPhone 5Tres iPods in September
Beginning with what can be immediate, apparently, to keep the momentum of the iPhone 4 this summer, Apple would be ready three new iPod models to be displayed in the month of September. Two of them would be the evolution of both the iPod Nano and iPod Touch, but the third is still an unknown and rumors point to a small device with 1.7-inch screen that would replace the iPod Shuffle. On the other hand, there are also rumors that it could be a more compact version of the iPod Touch screen 3 inches.

Mini 7-inch IPAD
The fact that the IPAD will have a range of devices of different sizes and qualities, as with the iPod, it's no secret. What seems to be confirmed is that the first thing you see is the light which will have a 7 inch screen, ready to attack the Christmas season or early in 2011.

5 "iPhone in January 2011?
As for the next iPhone, which could be 5 or, more likely, a new model of 4, although it seems that the filtration is less solid dye ensures that antenna problems would be pressuring Apple to get his new evolution of the phone for the first months of 2011, speaking even of its appearance in January. You may not change the characteristics of the current iPhone just 4 and is looking for a redesign of its components to prevent loss of coverage. However, its accuracy is rather dubious and probably not see anything of the new iPhone, at least until next summer.

Silicone Bumpers 2.0
Finally, the creation of a new generation of bumpers, covers Apple offers users to solve the problems of the iPhone 4, lie in the interest of reducing costs is causing Apple's decision to give them away with every iPhone. The company is working on models made completely of silicone to offer from September.

the process of biodiesel, glycerin, alcohol which is the basis of many pharmaceuticals.

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Group researchers Chemical Process Technology and Biochemistry, University of Valladolid and the Laboratory of ACOR biodiesel plant in Olmedo work together on the recovery of one of the products obtained from the process of biodiesel, glycerin, alcohol which is the basis of many pharmaceuticals. As explained Maria Teresa García Cubero, one of the researchers of the group, "for every hundred pounds of biodiesel produced ten of glycerin, a significant amount that the pharmaceutical industry can not continue.

Therefore, trying to give new outlets for this product. "There are many treatment options and we opted for one that involves the procurement of high value added products, such as obtaining precursor chemicals used in the production of biodegradable plastic," advances. Through a project of the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN), studying the transformation of glycerine in two alternative ways.

One is the chemical transformation of shape-selective catalysts that can be derived propanediol, which is the precursor to which they work, and the other is a biochemical transformation "with microorganisms able to assimilate glycerol. While the first method gives 1.3 propanediol, the biochemical transformation as a product provides 1-2 propanediol. "This is similar isomers although slightly different properties," explains the expert.

The research group working on this project with different microorganisms which are used to, aerobic and anaerobic, but not "strict." "We need anerobiosis conditions (no oxygen) to complete the body to function well," said Maria Teresa García Cubero. The research group is currently a doctoral student to a doctoral student working on this line, which are already getting results "promising."
Byproduct

Of rapeseed and sunflower seeds that are used for biodiesel production can be exploited as glycerin derivatives, flour and gums. In this sense, the biodiesel plant that cooperative societies ACOR is located in Olmedo (Valladolid), is equipped for pharmaceutical grade glycerine. First, the seed is received and analyzed partner in the laboratory of the plant according to the parameters of quality, cleaned and stored in silos, where part to the area of extraction. There comes a mechanical pressing through which earns about 70 percent of crude oil.

The remaining 30% is achieved with showers of hexane, an expensive solvent mostly recovered for reuse. The remains of seed flour and become animal feed, while crude oil is stored in tanks and subsequently refined (extracted gums, phosphorus, magnesium, waxes, calcium and acidity) and purified.

In a new phase, and refined oil is introduced into a reactor with solid methane and methylate which is, on the one hand, biofuels, and other, glycerin. This in turn is purified with hydrochloric acid to separate the oleins or fatty acids and methanol in excess. This glycerin can be used for animal feed and plastics, which when contaminated plant and animal fats, along with traceability of the process, has pharmaceutical grade for processing, for example, in detergents.

Source: DiCYT